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Scenario 8: FoodSafe Corporation is a well-known food manufacturing company in Vienna, Austria, which specializes in producing diverse products, from savory snacks to artisanal desserts. As the company operates in regulatory environment subject to this NIS 2 Directive, FoodSafe Corporation has employed a variety of techniques for cybersecurity testing to safeguard the integrity and security of its food production processes.
To conduct an effective vulnerability assessment process, FoodSafe Corporation utilizes a vulnerability assessment tool to discover vulnerabilities on network hosts such as servers and workstations. Additionally, FoodSafe Corporation has made a deliberate effort to define clear testing objectives and obtain top management approval during the discovery phase. This structured approach ensures that vulnerability assessments are conducted with clear objectives and that the management team is actively engaged and supports the assessment process, reinforcing the company’s commitment to cybersecurity excellence.
In alignment with the NIS 2 Directive, FoodSafe Corporation has incorporated audits into its core activities, starting with an internal assessment followed by an additional audit conducted by its partners. To ensure the effectiveness of these audits, the company meticulously identified operational sectors, procedures, and policies. However, FoodSafe Corporation did not utilize an organized audit timetable as part of its internal compliance audit process. While FoodSafe’s Corporation organizational chart does not clearly indicate the audit team’s position, the internal audit process is well-structured. Auditors familiarize themselves with established policies and procedures to gain a comprehensive understanding of their workflow. They engage in discussions with employees further to enhance their insights, ensuring no critical details are overlooked.
Subsequently, FoodSafe Corporation’s auditors generate a comprehensive report of findings, serving as the foundation for necessary changes and improvements within the company. Auditors also follow up on action plans in response to nonconformities and improvement opportunities.
The company recently expanded its offerings by adding new products and services, which had an impact on its cybersecurity program. This required the cybersecurity team to adapt and ensure that these additions were integrated securely into their existing framework. FoodSafe Corporation commitment to enhancing its monitoring and measurement processes to ensure product quality and operational efficiency. In doing so, the company carefully considers its target audience and selects suitable methods for reporting monitoring and measurement results. This incudes incorporating additional graphical elements and labeling of endpoints in their reports to provide a clearer and more intuitive representation of data, ultimately facilitating better decision-making within the organization.
According to scenario 8, internal auditors follow up on action plans in response to nonconformities or improvement opportunities. Is this in alignment with best practices?
What is the required frequency for Member States to update the register of entities?
According to the NIS 2 Directive, what is the default frequency at which peer reviews occur?
An organization has decided to provide its cybersecurity training to its employees to improve their digital behavior and awareness of cybersecurity risks. Which proficiency level (PL) does this initiative primarily belong to?
Which of the following entities are included on the scope of the NIS 2 Directive?
Scenario 8: FoodSafe Corporation is a well-known food manufacturing company in Vienna, Austria, which specializes in producing diverse products, from savory snacks to artisanal desserts. As the company operates in regulatory environment subject to this NIS 2 Directive, FoodSafe Corporation has employed a variety of techniques for cybersecurity testing to safeguard the integrity and security of its food production processes.
To conduct an effective vulnerability assessment process, FoodSafe Corporation utilizes a vulnerability assessment tool to discover vulnerabilities on network hosts such as servers and workstations. Additionally, FoodSafe Corporation has made a deliberate effort to define clear testing objectives and obtain top management approval during the discovery phase. This structured approach ensures that vulnerability assessments are conducted with clear objectives and that the management team is actively engaged and supports the assessment process, reinforcing the company’s commitment to cybersecurity excellence.
In alignment with the NIS 2 Directive, FoodSafe Corporation has incorporated audits into its core activities, starting with an internal assessment followed by an additional audit conducted by its partners. To ensure the effectiveness of these audits, the company meticulously identified operational sectors, procedures, and policies. However, FoodSafe Corporation did not utilize an organized audit timetable as part of its internal compliance audit process. While FoodSafe’s Corporation organizational chart does not clearly indicate the audit team’s position, the internal audit process is well-structured. Auditors familiarize themselves with established policies and procedures to gain a comprehensive understanding of their workflow. They engage in discussions with employees further to enhance their insights, ensuring no critical details are overlooked.
Subsequently, FoodSafe Corporation’s auditors generate a comprehensive report of findings, serving as the foundation for necessary changes and improvements within the company. Auditors also follow up on action plans in response to nonconformities and improvement opportunities.
The company recently expanded its offerings by adding new products and services, which had an impact on its cybersecurity program. This required the cybersecurity team to adapt and ensure that these additions were integrated securely into their existing framework. FoodSafe Corporation commitment to enhancing its monitoring and measurement processes to ensure product quality and operational efficiency. In doing so, the company carefully considers its target audience and selects suitable methods for reporting monitoring and measurement results. This incudes incorporating additional graphical elements and labeling of endpoints in their reports to provide a clearer and more intuitive representation of data, ultimately facilitating better decision-making within the organization.
Based on the scenario above, answer the following questions:
Which vulnerability assessment tool did FoodSafe Corporation use?
A financial institution issued a public statement acknowledging a significant breach that occurred. However, they used complex technical jargon and industry-specific terminology that was difficult for the general public to understand. Which principle of effective communication strategy did the institution fail to apply?
Which reporting method is best suited for presenting raw data in an easy-to-read format, including features like nested grouping, rolling summaries, and dynamic drill-through or linking?
Scenario 1:
into incidents that could result in substantial material or non-material damage. When it comes to identifying and mitigating risks, the company has employed a standardized methodology. It conducts thorough risk identification processes across all operational levels, deploys mechanisms for early risk detection, and adopts a uniform framework to ensure a consistent and effective incident response. In alignment with its incident reporting plan, SecureTech reports on the initial stages of potential incidents, as well as after the successful mitigation or resolution of the incidents.
Moreover, SecureTech has recognized the dynamic nature of cybersecurity, understanding the rapid technological evolution. In response to the ever-evolving threats and to safeguard its operations, SecureTech took a proactive approach by implementing a comprehensive set of guidelines that encompass best practices, effectively safeguarding its systems, networks, and data against threats. The company invested heavily in cutting-edge threat detection and mitigation tools, which are continuously updated to tackle emerging vulnerabilities. Regular security audits and penetration tests are conducted by third-party experts to ensure robustness against potential breaches. The company also prioritizes the security of customers’ sensitive information by employing encryption protocols, conducting regular security assessments, and integrating multi-factor authentication across its platforms.
To improve its cybersecurity strategies, SecureTech has implemented several practices. What type of governance do these practices focus on improving? Refer to scenario 1.
Scenario 1:
into incidents that could result in substantial material or non-material damage. When it comes to identifying and mitigating risks, the company has employed a standardized methodology. It conducts thorough risk identification processes across all operational levels, deploys mechanisms for early risk detection, and adopts a uniform framework to ensure a consistent and effective incident response. In alignment with its incident reporting plan, SecureTech reports on the initial stages of potential incidents, as well as after the successful mitigation or resolution of the incidents.
Moreover, SecureTech has recognized the dynamic nature of cybersecurity, understanding the rapid technological evolution. In response to the ever-evolving threats and to safeguard its operations, SecureTech took a proactive approach by implementing a comprehensive set of guidelines that encompass best practices, effectively safeguarding its systems, networks, and data against threats. The company invested heavily in cutting-edge threat detection and mitigation tools, which are continuously updated to tackle emerging vulnerabilities. Regular security audits and penetration tests are conducted by third-party experts to ensure robustness against potential breaches. The company also prioritizes the security of customers’ sensitive information by employing encryption protocols, conducting regular security assessments, and integrating multi-factor authentication across its platforms.
According to scenario 1, SecureTech strongly emphasizes adopting a proactive cybersecurity approach, primarily focusing on preventing cyber threats before they escalate into incidents that could result in substantial material or non-material damage. Is this in alignment with the NIS 2 Directive?
What information does NOT have to be included in an asset inventory for effective asset management?
According to recital 59 of the NIS 2 Directive, who is responsible for ensuring alignment with international standards and existing industry best practices for cybersecurity risk management?
What is the requirement for Member States regarding resources for competent authorities and single points of contact under Article 8 of the NIS 2 Directive?
Scenario 4: StellarTech is a technology company that provides innovative solutions for a connected world. Its portfolio includes groundbreaking Internet of Things (IoT) devices, high-performance software applications, and state-of-the-art communication systems. In response to the ever-evolving cybersecurity landscape and the need to ensure digital resilience, StellarTech has decided to establish a cybersecurity program based on the NIS 2 Directive requirements. The company has appointed Nick, an experienced information security manager, to ensure the successful implementation of these requirements. Nick initiated the implementation process by thoroughly analyzing StellarTech’s organizational structure. He observed that the company has embraced a well-defined model that enables the allocation of verticals based on specialties or operational functions and facilitates distinct role delineation and clear responsibilities.
To ensure compliance with the NIS 2 Directive requirements, Nick and his team have implemented an asset management system and established as asset management policy, set objectives, and the processes to achieve those objectives. As part of the asset management process, the company will identify, record, maintain all assets within the system’s scope.
To manage risks effectively, the company has adopted a structured approach involving the definition of the scope and parameters governing risk management, risk assessments, risk treatment, risk acceptance, risk communication, awareness and consulting, and risk monitoring and review processes. This approach enables the application of cybersecurity practices based on previous and currently cybersecurity activities, including lessons learned and predictive indicators. StellarTech’s organization-wide risk management program aligns with objectives monitored by senior executives, who treat it like financial risk. The budget is structured according to the risk landscape, while business units implement executive vision with a strong awareness of system-level risks. The company shares real-time information, understanding its role within the larger ecosystem and actively contributing to risk understanding. StellarTech’s agile response to evolving threats and emphasis on proactive communication showcase its dedication to cybersecurity excellence and resilience.
Last month, the company conducted a comprehensive risk assessment. During this process, it identified a potential threat associated with a sophisticated form of cyber intrusion, specifically targeting IoT devices. This threat, although theoretically possible, was deemed highly unlikely to materialize due to the company’s robust security measures, the absence of prior incidents, and its existing strong cybersecurity practices.
Based on scenario 4, which framework is StellarTech’s structured approach to managing risks aligned with?
Scenario 2:
MHospital, founded in 2005 in Metropolis, has become a healthcare industry leader with over 2,000 dedicated employees known for its commitment to qualitative medical services and patient care innovation. With the rise of cyberattacks targeting healthcare institutions, MHospital acknowledged the need for a comprehensive cyber strategy to mitigate risks effectively and ensure patient safety and data security. Hence, it decided to implement the NIS 2 Directive requirements. To avoid creating additional processes that do not fit the company’s context and culture, MHospital decided to integrate the Directive’s requirements into its existing processes. To initiate the implementation of the Directive, the company decided to conduct a gap analysis to assess the current state of the cybersecurity measures against the requirements outlined in the NIS 2 Directive and then identify opportunities for closing the gap.
Recognizing the indispensable role of a computer security incident response team (CSIRT) in maintaining a secure network environment, MHospital empowers its CSIRT to conduct thorough penetration testing on the company’s networks. This rigorous testing helps identify vulnerabilities with a potentially significant impact and enables the implementation of robust security measures. The CSIRT monitors threats and vulnerabilities at the national level and assists MHospital regarding real-time monitoring of their network and information systems. MHospital also conducts cooperative evaluations of security risks within essential supply chains for critical ICT services and systems. Collaborating with interested parties, it engages in the assessment of security risks, contributing to a collective effort to enhance the resilience of the healthcare sector against cyber threats.
To ensure compliance with the NIS 2 Directive’s reporting requirements, MHospital has streamlined its incident reporting process. In the event of a security incident, the company is committed to issuing an official notification within four days of identifying the incident to ensure that prompt actions are taken to mitigate the impact of incidents and maintain the integrity of patient data and healthcare operations. MHospital’s dedication to implementing the NIS 2 Directive extends to cyber strategy and governance. The company has established robust cyber risk management and compliance protocols, aligning its cybersecurity initiatives with its overarching business objectives.
Based on scenario 2, in order to avoid creating additional processes that do not fit with the company’s context and culture, MHospital decided to integrate the Directive’s requirements into its existing processes. Is this in accordance with best practices?
What is the maximum administrative fine that important entities may face for noncompliance with the NIS 2 Directive?
Scenario 2:
MHospital, founded in 2005 in Metropolis, has become a healthcare industry leader with over 2,000 dedicated employees known for its commitment to qualitative medical services and patient care innovation. With the rise of cyberattacks targeting healthcare institutions, MHospital acknowledged the need for a comprehensive cyber strategy to mitigate risks effectively and ensure patient safety and data security. Hence, it decided to implement the NIS 2 Directive requirements. To avoid creating additional processes that do not fit the company’s context and culture, MHospital decided to integrate the Directive’s requirements into its existing processes. To initiate the implementation of the Directive, the company decided to conduct a gap analysis to assess the current state of the cybersecurity measures against the requirements outlined in the NIS 2 Directive and then identify opportunities for closing the gap.
Recognizing the indispensable role of a computer security incident response team (CSIRT) in maintaining a secure network environment, MHospital empowers its CSIRT to conduct thorough penetration testing on the company’s networks. This rigorous testing helps identify vulnerabilities with a potentially significant impact and enables the implementation of robust security measures. The CSIRT monitors threats and vulnerabilities at the national level and assists MHospital regarding real-time monitoring of their network and information systems. MHospital also conducts cooperative evaluations of security risks within essential supply chains for critical ICT services and systems. Collaborating with interested parties, it engages in the assessment of security risks, contributing to a collective effort to enhance the resilience of the healthcare sector against cyber threats.
To ensure compliance with the NIS 2 Directive’s reporting requirements, MHospital has streamlined its incident reporting process. In the event of a security incident, the company is committed to issuing an official notification within four days of identifying the incident to ensure that prompt actions are taken to mitigate the impact of incidents and maintain the integrity of patient data and healthcare operations. MHospital’s dedication to implementing the NIS 2 Directive extends to cyber strategy and governance. The company has established robust cyber risk management and compliance protocols, aligning its cybersecurity initiatives with its overarching business objectives.
Based on scenario 2, are the cooperative evaluations of security risks carried out in alignment with Article 22 of the NIS 2 Directive?
Scenario 4: StellarTech is a technology company that provides innovative solutions for a connected world. Its portfolio includes groundbreaking Internet of Things (IoT) devices, high-performance software applications, and state-of-the-art communication systems. In response to the ever-evolving cybersecurity landscape and the need to ensure digital resilience, StellarTech has decided to establish a cybersecurity program based on the NIS 2 Directive requirements. The company has appointed Nick, an experienced information security manager, to ensure the successful implementation of these requirements. Nick initiated the implementation process by thoroughly analyzing StellarTech’s organizational structure. He observed that the company has embraced a well-defined model that enables the allocation of verticals based on specialties or operational functions and facilitates distinct role delineation and clear responsibilities.
To ensure compliance with the NIS 2 Directive requirements, Nick and his team have implemented an asset management system and established as asset management policy, set objectives, and the processes to achieve those objectives. As part of the asset management process, the company will identify, record, maintain all assets within the system’s scope.
To manage risks effectively, the company has adopted a structured approach involving the definition of the scope and parameters governing risk management, risk assessments, risk treatment, risk acceptance, risk communication, awareness and consulting, and risk monitoring and review processes. This approach enables the application of cybersecurity practices based on previous and currently cybersecurity activities, including lessons learned and predictive indicators. StellarTech’s organization-wide risk management program aligns with objectives monitored by senior executives, who treat it like financial risk. The budget is structured according to the risk landscape, while business units implement executive vision with a strong awareness of system-level risks. The company shares real-time information, understanding its role within the larger ecosystem and actively contributing to risk understanding. StellarTech’s agile response to evolving threats and emphasis on proactive communication showcase its dedication to cybersecurity excellence and resilience.
Last month, the company conducted a comprehensive risk assessment. During this process, it identified a potential threat associated with a sophisticated form of cyber intrusion, specifically targeting IoT devices. This threat, although theoretically possible, was deemed highly unlikely to materialize due to the company’s robust security measures, the absence of prior incidents, and its existing strong cybersecurity practices.
In terms of the NIST Framework, under which implementation tier does StellarTech fall based on the level of implementation of its risk management measures within the company? Refer to scenario 4.
TESTED 18 Aug 2025