H12-821_V1.0 HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology V1.0 Questions and Answers

In the PIM protocol,Register StopandGraftmessages are sent with unicast destination addresses, typically to specific neighbors or RP (Rendezvous Point) routers. Other messages likeBootstrapandAssertuse multicast addresses for broader dissemination across the network ​.

 IPv6 Address Behavior

Manually configured link-local addressesdo not have a higher prioritythan automatically generated ones; they coexist and are equally preferred for local communication.

The other statements are true:

A.Link-local addresses can use the EUI-64 method for quick generation.

B.Anycast addresses are only used as destination addresses.

C.An interface can have multiple global unicast addresses with different prefixes.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

IPv6 address types and priority behaviors are detailed in the IPv6 addressing sections​​.

AI-driven networks focus on maximizing efficiency by minimizing latency to enhance data processing and decision-making speed. The AI era emphasizes leveraging large data volumes and ensuring rapid data center interconnectivity. This makes low latency a critical requirement for AI-ready data center networks, as highlighted in Huawei's AI and data center network optimization materials ​.

 During WLAN roaming, the STA sends aReassociation Requestframe to the foreign AP to maintain connectivity. Association frames are used during initial connections, not roaming.

 APs with which a STA is associated before and after roaming can work on different channels, as roaming often occurs across channels in environments like multi-SSID or multi-channel setups.

Options C and D are false, as they contradict standard WLAN roaming procedures ​.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

OSPF State Machine:

OSPF adjacency progresses through several states:Down > Init > 2-Way > ExStart > Exchange > Loading > Full.

The2-Way stateindicates that routers have exchanged Hello packets but are not forming full adjacencies.

Possible Causes for Staying in the 2-Way State:

Hello Time Values Are Different (A):Mismatched Hello/Dead intervals prevent adjacency establishment.

Area IDs Are Different (B):OSPF routers must belong to the same area to establish adjacency.

Router IDs Conflict (C):While Router ID conflicts cause other issues, they do not result in the 2-Way state.

N-bit and E-bit Are the Same (D):Matching N-bit/E-bit values are normal and do not cause problems.

Internet– Thiscommunity attribute allows a route to be advertised to any BGP peer, including EBGP and IBGP. This is the default behavior if no other restrictive community is attached.

No_Advertise– Prevents the route from being advertised toanypeer.

No_Export– Prevents the route from being advertised toEBGP peers.

No_Export_Subconfed– Restricts the route from being advertisedoutside the sub-ASin a confederation.

Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:

“The Internet community attribute allows unrestricted advertisement of a route. Other community attributes like No_Advertise and No_Export limit route propagation.”

(Chapter: BGP Community Attributes – Section: Well-known Communities)

When routes are imported into BGP using theimport-routecommand, the origin attribute is set toincompleteby default. This indicates that the route's origin is not known or is from an external source, as opposed to being explicitly learned through an IGP (IGP) or EGP (EGP) protocol ​.

By default, Huawei firewalls create security zones nameduntrust,dmz,trust, andlocal. These zones facilitate security policies for inbound, outbound, and inter-zone traffic control ​.

When the level of an IS-IS interface is changed, the adjacency must be re-established because IS-IS adjacencies are formed based on matching levels (Level-1, Level-2, or both). Other changes, such as cost or hello intervals, do not disrupt the existing adjacency but might impact routing metrics or timing ​.

A is false– The correct formula is: Skew_Time = (256 - Priority)/256 × Advertisement_Interval.

B is false– By default, thepreemption delayis typically0s, not 1s, meaning a higher-priority backup router can preempt immediately unless configured otherwise.

C is true– Thedefault Advertisement intervalin VRRP is2 seconds.

D is true– The formula Master_Down_Interval = 3 × Advertisement_Interval + Skew_Time is correct.

Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:

“The VRRP Skew_Time is calculated as (256 - Priority)/256 × Adver_Interval. The Master_Down interval includes this Skew_Time to stagger failover.”

(Chapter: High Availability – Section: VRRP Timer Mechanism)

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection)detectslink failuresfaster than traditional mechanisms.

Session states during setup:

AdminDown→ Initial state (session is administratively disabled).

Down→ The session is being established but has not yet exchanged valid control packets.

Init→ The session is partially established (one side has detected the peer).

Up→ The session is fully operational (not part of the setup process).

SinceAdminDown, Down, and Initare involved insession setup, the correct answers areB, C, D.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, BFD Session Establishment and States.

 OSPF Area Design and Loop Prevention:

OSPF uses a hierarchical structure with areas to improve scalability and efficiency. Area 0, the backbone area, plays a crucial role in ensuring loop-free route distribution between areas. The following mechanisms are key to preventing routing loops:

Strict adherence to hierarchical area design.

Prohibition of direct inter-area route exchanges between non-backbone areas.

HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Training Material (OSPF Basics and Advanced Concepts)​​.

 Analysis of Each Statement:

A. Inter-area routes cannot be directly transmitted between non-backbone areas.This statement isTRUE. OSPF mandates that all inter-area routing must pass through Area 0. Direct inter-area route exchanges between two non-backbone areas are not allowed to prevent loops.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

TheFlag fieldin a routing table entry provides specific information about the route.

G (Gateway flag): This flag indicates that the next hop is agateway (another router)rather than a directly connected destination.

S (Static flag): This flag indicates that the route was manually configured as astatic route.

H (Host flag): This flag means that the destination is adirectly connected host, not a network.

D (Dynamic flag): This flag is used fordynamically learned routesfrom protocols like OSPF, EIGRP, or BGP.

Since we are looking for the flag that indicates thenext hop is a gateway, the correct answer isG.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, Chapter on Routing Table and FIB Entries.

The sequence of steps for electing the root port in an STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) network is as follows:

Bridge ID Comparison: TheBridge ID(BID) is compared between the bridges in the network. A smaller value indicates a higher priority, meaning the bridge with the lowest Bridge ID is elected as the root bridge.

RPC (Root Path Cost) Comparison: The path cost to reach the root bridge is calculated. The router with the lowest Root Path Cost (RPC) to the root bridge will have a higher priority for the election of the root port.

Peer BID Comparison: If there is a tie in the Root Path Cost, thePeer BIDis compared. A smaller Peer BID indicates a higher priority. This step ensures that if two routers have the same RPC, the one with the lower Peer Bridge ID wins.

Local BID Comparison: If there is still a tie, theLocal BIDis compared. A smaller Local BID indicates a higher priority. This final step ensures that the router with the lowest local identifier is selected.

Bridge ID Comparison:The first step in electing the root port is comparing the Bridge IDs. The bridge with the lowestBridge IDbecomes theroot bridge. The Bridge ID is made up of thebridge priorityandMAC address. The root bridge is the center of the network for STP, and all other ports will calculate their paths based on this root.

HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Training Material (STP Concepts and Election Process)​​.

RPC (Root Path Cost) Comparison:Once the root bridge is selected, the network needs to determine the best path to the root. Each port on a non-root bridge will calculate theRoot Path Cost (RPC), which is the cumulative cost of reaching the root bridge from that port. The root port is the one that has the lowest RPC, meaning it provides the best path to the root bridge.

All four are valid reasons why IKE (Internet Key Exchange) negotiation might not be triggered:

A– Security policy mismatches canblock data flows, preventing IPsec from initiating.

B– If theroute to the peer is unreachable, no packets can reach the tunnel interface, and IKE will not start.

C– If the IPsec policy is notbound to the correct interface, no protection is triggered.

D– If the ACL doesnot match the actual traffic, the flow will bypass IPsec.

Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:

“Common causes of IKE negotiation failure include incorrect ACLs, misapplied policies, unreachable peers, and misconfigured security zones.”

(Chapter: VPN Technologies – Section: IPsec Troubleshooting)

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. What is the BFD Echo Function?

BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection) is used to detect link failures.

TheEcho functionis an optional feature that tests link connectivity by looping back packets sent from the local device through the forwarding path.

2. Analysis of Each Statement:

Option A: If URPF is enabled on the peer end, BFD packets may be incorrectly discarded on the peer end.

Correct.

URPF (Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding) checks whether the source IP address of an incoming packet is reachable via the interface it was received on. Since the Echo function uses loopback packets, this can conflict with URPF, causing the packets to be dropped.

Option B: In the BFD Echo function, the device uses the IP address of the outbound interface as the source IP address by default.

Correct.

By default, the outbound interface's IP address is used as the source address for BFD Echo packets.

Option C: The BFD Echo function applies only to single-hop BFD sessions.

Incorrect.

The BFD Echo function can be used for both single-hop and multi-hop BFD sessions.

Option D: When configuring a BFD session supporting the BFD Echo function, you need to configure both the local and remote discriminators.

Incorrect.

The BFD Echo function is locally configured and does not require setting remote discriminators. The function operates independently of the remote device's configuration.

3. Summary:

The correct statements areAandB.

Theasbr-summarycommand is executed in the global OSPF view to summarize external routes. Theabr-summarycommand is executed in the OSPF area view to summarize routes between areas. By default, theadvertiseparameter is enabled unless explicitly overridden by thenot-advertiseoption ​.

Mandatory BGP Attributes

Next_Hop: Specifies the next hop to reach the destination.

AS_Path: Lists the autonomous systems traversed, crucial for loop prevention and route selection.

Optional Attributes

MED (Multi-Exit Discriminator)andLocal_Preferenceare optional attributes that aid in route preference but are not mandatory.

HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

BGP attribute behavior and classifications are detailed in BGP path selection principles​​.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

OSPF network typesaffect how protocol packets (Hello, LSA updates) are transmitted:

NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access)networks (e.g., Frame Relay) donot support multicast, so routers mustunicastOSPF packets to neighbors.

Broadcast networks(e.g., Ethernet) supportmulticastand use224.0.0.5 for Hello packetsand224.0.0.6 for DR/BDR communication.

The statement isfalsebecause:

NBMA does not unicast all packets—only Hello packets must bemanually configuredto be unicast.

LSAs and routing updates can still be multicastif an NBMA network is configured aspoint-to-multipoint.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, OSPF Network Types and Packet Transmission.

 BGP Open Message Components

The Open message contains the following critical parameters:

Local AS Number: The autonomous system of the router.

Router ID: A unique identifier for the router.

Hold Time: The maximum time the router will wait for Keepalive or other messages from its peer.

 Incorrect Option

C. NLRI: Network Layer Reachability Information is not included in Open messages; it is carried in Update messages.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

The structure and contents of Open messages are explained in BGP protocol details​​.

After Layer 3 roaming, the STA’s traffic is forwarded from the Foreign AP (FAP) to the Foreign AC (FAC), and then to the Home AC (HAC) before reaching the upper-layer network. This ensures that the STA remains on the same subnet without breaking existing sessions ​.

 R1 is a Level-1 router in Area 49.0001, while R4 is in Area 49.0004. Level-1 routers only maintain LSDBs for their own area and do not contain LSPs from other areas, such as R4’s LSP.

 R2 is a Level-1-2 router, so it maintains LSDBs for both Area 49.0001 (Level-1) and Level-2 domains, which include LSPs from R4.

 R3 and R4, as Level-2 routers, exchange LSPs with each other within the Level-2 domain.

 Thus, the LSDB of R1 does not include R4’s LSP ​.

 BGP Keepalive Message Behavior

Keepalive messages are used to maintain the Established state of a BGP peer relationship.

The Keepalive timer determines the frequency of these messages and defaults to60 seconds, as per the BGP specification.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

The Keepalive timer default value is covered in the BGP configuration and operational principles​​.

By default, a router interface sends PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) Hello messages every 30 seconds to maintain neighbor relationships. This interval can be adjusted using configuration commands ​.

 Non-Client Definition in IBGP

In an IBGP setup with a Route Reflector (RR), a non-client is an IBGP peer that is neither the RR itself nor its client.

Non-clients must establish fully meshed IBGP connections with all other non-clients and the RR because IBGP rules prohibit route propagation between non-clients without a direct connection.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

The behavior of non-clients in an RR topology is clearly outlined in the BGP implementation chapters​​.

In OSPF,Database Description (DD) packetsare used during the database synchronization process. In the first DD packet a router sends during neighbor establishment, three control bits are set:

I bit (Initial)= 1 → This indicates that the DD packet is the first in the sequence.

M bit (More)= 1 → This means more DD packets will follow.

MS bit (Master/Slave)= 1 → Set by the router assuming the master role in the exchange process.

Setting all three bits to 1 is a standard part of the DD exchange initiation.

Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:

“In the initial DD packet, the I, M, and MS bits are set to 1 by the master router initiating database exchange.”

(Chapter: OSPF Operation Mechanism – Section: Neighbor State Machine)

TheOriginator IDin a BGP route represents the Router ID of the device that originally advertised the route into the BGP domain. Since RTA originates the route10.1.1.0/24into the BGP process, the Originator ID in the route received by RTD will be set to1.1.1.1​.

 LSP Generation in IS-IS

IS-IS routers generate new Link State Packets (LSPs) under the following conditions:

Interface Status Changes: When IS-IS interfaces go up or down, the link state changes, triggering LSP updates.

Periodic Updates: IS-IS periodically regenerates LSPs to ensure link-state information remains synchronized across the network.

Interface Metric Changes: Any modification to interface costs results in a new LSP to reflect the updated cost in the network.

 Incorrect Option

C. Inter-area IP routes change is incorrect because IS-IS does not inherently differentiate between areas for LSP generation.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

IS-IS LSP generation rules are detailed in the IS-IS configuration and implementation chapters​​.

When STP and RSTP coexist in a network, RSTP switches will downgrade their operation to STP to ensure compatibility. However, this disables RSTP's rapid convergence features, as the protocol behaves like STP to maintain interoperability ​.

 Notification Message Purpose

BGP Notification messages are used to report errors or terminate a connection. They do not request peers to resend routing information after routing policies are changed.

Routing updates following policy changes require manual resynchronization, not Notification messages.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

The purpose and usage of Notification messages are discussed in the BGP operation chapters​​.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Analysis of BGP Attributes:

Original Next Hop:The output shows that the original next hop of the route is 172.16.1.2. (A is correct).

Local Router ID:The local BGP router ID is 10.1.1.1, as displayed. (B is correct).

Local AS Number:The local AS number is 100, as displayed. (C is correct).

Incorrect Option:

Local_Pref:Although Local_Pref is an important attribute, this route is marked as invalid due to "IP unreachable" and thus cannot be preferentially selected.

 Transitive vs. Non-Transitive Attributes

The Community attribute is atransitive optional attribute, meaning that if a router receives a route with this attribute and does not understand its purpose, the router retains and propagates it to other peers.

Other options, such as AS_Path and MED, are well-defined mandatory or optional attributes with specific purposes.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

The behavior of optional transitive attributes is detailed in the BGP protocol and attribute chapters​​.

1 → A Startup message with a priority of 255 is received.

2 → A Startup message with a priority less than 255 is received.

3 → A Shutdown message is received.

4 → The Master_Down timer expires, an Advertisement packet with the priority of 0 is received, or a packet with a priority lower than the local priority is received.

5 → A packet with a priority higher than the local priority is received.

6 → A Shutdown message is received.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, VRRP Status Transitions.

The output shows that the router with the IP10.0.12.2is the Backup Designated Router (BDR), as indicated in theState: BDRfield. The router ID is10.0.2.2, the interface cost is 1, and the IP address of the interface is10.0.12.2. Hence, C is the correct answer ​.

 RST BPDU Handling

On an RSTP network, if a port receives an RST BPDU and determines its own buffered BPDU is superior, it discards the received BPDU without responding. This ensures stability and proper convergence in the network.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

BPDU handling is described in the RSTP operation chapters​​.

ATotally Stubby Areain OSPF is a special type of stub area where onlyintra-area (Type 1) LSAs,router LSAs, anddefault routes (Type 3 LSA with 0.0.0.0/0)are allowed to be injected. Itblocks inter-area routes (Type 3 LSAs for specific prefixes)andType 5 LSAs (external routes)to reduce the size of the Link-State Database (LSDB) and enhance router performance.

Explanation of the Options:

A. Type 3 specific LSA–❌Correct Answer. These LSAs represent inter-area routes. Totally Stubby Areasdo not allow Type 3 LSAs for specific routes, only for the default route (0.0.0.0/0).

B. Type 1 LSA–✅Allowed. These are Router LSAs generated by routers within the area and are necessary for OSPF to function.

C. Type 3 LSA that describes a default route–✅Allowed. This is the only Type 3 LSA permitted in a Totally Stubby Area. It provides a default route (0.0.0.0/0) to reach external destinations.

D. Type 2 LSA–✅Allowed if there are broadcast or NBMA networks in the area. These describe the network segment in multi-access environments and are generated by the DR.

Official Huawei Reference:

????Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide–

Chapter: OSPF Special Areas

"A totally stub area does not allow inter-area Type 3 LSAs or external Type 5 LSAs to enter. Only a default route is injected in the form of a Type 3 LSA (0.0.0.0/0), which greatly reduces the LSDB size."

????Also refer to:

Huawei VRP Command Guide > OSPF > Configuration Notes > OSPF Special Areas

 OSPF LSA Flooding Mechanism

If a router receives an LSA identical to one already in its LSDB, it does not flood the LSA again unless the LSA has changed (i.e., the sequence number or content has been updated).

OSPF ensures efficient use of bandwidth by avoiding redundant flooding of unchanged LSAs.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

The OSPF LSDB synchronization process explains that unchanged LSAs are not reflooded, ensuring stability and resource optimization​​.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

AS_Pathis awell-known mandatoryattribute (not discretionary).

AS_Path characteristics:

A. TRUE→When advertising to IBGP peers, AS_Path remains unchangedto prevent routing loops.

B. TRUE→BGP uses AS_Path to detect loops(if a router sees its own AS in the path, it rejects the route).

C. FALSE→ AS_Path iswell-known mandatory, not discretionary.

D. TRUE→BGP ignores AS_Confed_Sequence and AS_Confed_Setwhen calculating the AS_Path length.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, BGP Path Attributes and Loop Prevention.

The Local-Preference attribute is used within an AS to influence outbound traffic paths. The default value is 100, and it is a well-known discretionary attribute, meaning it is not mandatory and does not travel across AS boundaries ​.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Multicast Applications:

Multicast is ideal for applications where data is sent from one source to multiple receivers, such as:

Real-Time Audio Conferencing:Multicast delivers audio streams to participants without duplicating the same data for each receiver.

Livestreaming:Streaming live events to viewers using multicast minimizes bandwidth usage by delivering a single stream to multiple users.

Network TV:Multicast is used in IPTV to broadcast TV channels efficiently.

2. Why Data Warehouse is Incorrect:

Data warehousedoes not involve point-to-multipoint transmission. Data warehouse activities (e.g., analytics or database queries) typically use unicast connections for communication between the server and the client.

3. Summary:

The correct options areA, B, C, as they all involve point-to-multipoint communication supported by multicast.

InIPv6, fragmentation is handledonly at the source node. Intermediate routersdo not fragment packets. Instead, if a packet is too large for the next link, the router sends back anICMPv6 Packet Too Bigmessage to the source, which then adjusts its packet size.

This design:

Reduces processing load on intermediate devices.

Supports Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD).

Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:

“In IPv6, routers do not perform fragmentation. Only the source device fragments packets if needed, based on ICMPv6 feedback.”

(Chapter: IPv6 Fundamentals – Section: Fragmentation and PMTUD)

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Analysis of the OSPF Neighbor State:

Router ID 10.0.5.5:

On interface 10.0.235.2 (GigabitEthernet0/0/1), the neighbor state is Full, indicating that adjacency is established.

The Designated Router (DR) is 10.0.235.5, which is the same as the neighbor's address.

Router ID 10.0.4.4:

On interface 10.0.24.2 (Serial1/0/1), the neighbor state is also Full, meaning adjacency is established.

The DR/BDR election status shows None, indicating that the interface is on a point-to-point link where DR/BDR election does not apply.

Validation of Each Option:

Option A: Correct. The DR IP address is explicitly shown as 10.0.235.5.

Option B: Correct. The neighbor state for both 10.0.5.5 and 10.0.4.4 is Full, confirming adjacency is established.

Option C: Incorrect. DR/BDR elections are irrelevant on point-to-point links like Serial1/0/1.

Option D: Correct. The Router IDs of R2's neighbors are explicitly listed as 10.0.5.5 and 10.0.4.4.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

BGP Router ID Behavior:

The router ID uniquely identifies a BGP device in the network.

If the router ID is changed, it is equivalent to creating a new BGP instance, and the existing BGP session is reset to establish a new peer relationship.

Impact of Router ID Change:

BGP peering relies on stable identifiers. Changing the router ID disrupts the TCP session and requires reestablishing the relationship.

 Export Routing Policy Changes

When an export routing policy is modified, BGP does not automatically resend affected routes. Manual intervention, such as aclear ip bgpcommand, is required to resend Update messages reflecting the new policy.

 Incorrect Options

B.IGP routes can also be advertised into BGP using redistribution, not just thenetworkcommand.

C.A router can be configured with multiple BGP processes using different AS numbers (multi-instance BGP).

D.Open messages carry additional parameters such as AS number, Hold Time, and Router ID, not just the header.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

BGP policy and update behavior are detailed in the route control and redistribution chapters​​.

 GMP Snooping Proxy

IGMP snooping proxy allows the switch to substitute for upstream Layer 3 devices and downstream hosts, reducing unnecessary bandwidth consumption by consolidating IGMP messages.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

The IGMP snooping proxy functionality is described in multicast optimization and IGMP configuration chapters​​

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Understanding the Prefix List Configuration:

The command ip ip-prefix test index 10 permit 10.0.0.0 8 less-equal 32 defines the following:

The prefix base is 10.0.0.0 with a mask length of 8 bits.

The less-equal 32 condition allows routes with mask lengths ranging from 8 to 32 bits to match.

2. Analysis of Each Route:

Option A: 10.1.1.1/32

Correct.

The prefix 10.1.1.1/32 falls within the 10.0.0.0/8 network range and has a mask length of 32 bits, which satisfies the less-equal 32 condition.

Option B: 10.1.1.0/6

Incorrect.

The prefix 10.1.1.0/6 has a mask length of 6 bits, which is shorter than the base prefix length of 8. It does not satisfy the condition.

Option C: 10.1.1.0/24

Correct.

The prefix 10.1.1.0/24 falls within the 10.0.0.0/8 network range and has a mask length of 24 bits, which satisfies the less-equal 32 condition.

Option D: 10.0.0.0/16

Correct.

The prefix 10.0.0.0/16 falls within the 10.0.0.0/8 network range and has a mask length of 16 bits, which satisfies the less-equal 32 condition.

3. Summary:

The prefixes that match the configuration are 10.1.1.1/32, 10.1.1.0/24, and 10.0.0.0/16.

Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, Chapter "IP Prefix Lists."

Huawei Configuration Examples for ACL and Prefix Lists.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Multi-Channel Protocols:

Multi-channel protocols use separate channels for control and data communication, requiring application-specific packet filtering (ASPF) to track sessions.

Examples:

FTP (A):Uses separate control and data channels.

SIP (B):Uses multiple ports for signaling and media.

H.323 (D):A VoIP protocol using multiple channels.

Single-Channel Protocol:

SMTP (C):A single-channel protocol for email communication, which does not require ASPF.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

SSH (Secure Shell)providessecure remote loginanddata encryptionover insecure networks.

A. TRUE→ SSH requiresuser authenticationbefore access is granted.

B. TRUE→ Enabling SSH openslistening ports, which could bescanned by attackers. Proper security measures (e.g., disabling unused SSH access) are recommended.

C. TRUE→ ACLs can be applied toVTY (Virtual Terminal) linesto restrict SSH access based onIP addresses.

D. FALSE→ The default SSH server port is22, not 23. Port23is used forTelnet, which isless securethan SSH.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, SSH Configuration and Security Measures.

Goal Analysis:

Requirement:

The route to192.168.3.0/24must exist in R1's and R3's routing tables.

The route mustnot exist in R2's routing table.

This requires filtering to ensure the route is either:

Blocked on R2's routing table (via filtering on R2), or

Blocked before it is advertised to R2.

Analysis of Each Option:

Option A (Filter-policy on R2 for filtering received routes):

Applying a filter-policy on R2 to filter received routes will block the route from entering R2's routing table but still allow it to propagate to R3.

This meets the requirement.

Option B (Filter-policy on R2 for filtering the routes to be advertised):

Blocking the advertisement of routes from R2 to other routers does not affect the routes received by R2 itself.

This does not meet the requirement but does not affect the propagation to R3.

This is valid if the received route is blocked.

Option C (Filter-policy on R1 for filtering the routes to be imported):

If the route is filtered on R1 during the import phase, the route will not exist in R1’s routing table and thus cannot be advertised to either R2 or R3.

This fails to meet the requirement because the route must exist in R1's and R3's routing tables.

Option D (Filter-policy on R1 for filtering the imported routes to be advertised):

Filtering routes on R1 before advertising to R2 will prevent R2 from receiving the route but allow R1 to advertise the route to R3.

This meets the requirement.

Correct Option:

C (Filter-policy on R1 for filtering the routes to be imported):This will prevent the route from existing in both R1 and R3, violating the stated requirement.

The LS age field in OSPF LSAs (Link State Advertisements) is measured in seconds and increments over time in the Link State Database (LSDB). If the LS age reaches the LSRefreshTime (30 minutes), the router that originated the LSA must regenerate it to keep the LSA valid in the network. Options C and B are incorrect since LS age does not decrease, and only the originator regenerates LSAs ​.

Attributes such ascommunity,tag, andorigincan be directly referenced in theapplyclause of a route-policy. However,IP-prefixis not an attribute but a prefix list used for matching, and it cannot be directly applied ​.

The forwarding plane of a switch consists of data forwarding hardware, such as line cards or forwarding engines, and is responsible for tasks like encapsulating/decapsulating packets, providing high-speed data channels, and collecting packet statistics. However, main control boards are part of the control plane, not the forwarding plane. This distinction ensures a separation of data forwarding and control functionalities ​.

When OSPF routers exchange LSDBs using Database Description (DD) packets, they first establish a master-slave relationship. The router with the larger Router ID becomes the master, setting the MS (Master/Slave) bit in the DD packets. This hierarchical relationship ensures an orderly exchange of routing information ​.

 BGP Next_Hop Attribute

Unlike IGP, the Next_Hop attribute in BGP does not necessarily have to be the IP address of a peer interface. For example, in multi-hop BGP configurations, the Next_Hop can point to a different router or interface within the network.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

Details of the Next_Hop attribute and its behavior are outlined in BGP path selection principles​​.

In the provided configuration, IS-IS is enabled onLoopback0but not onLoopback3of R2. As a result, R2 will advertise the route10.0.2.2/32(fromLoopback0) to R1 through IS-IS. However, the route10.0.2.3/32will not be advertised because IS-IS is not enabled on that loopback interface. Theimport-route directcommand does not override this behavior ​.

The correct command for configuring the VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) preemption delay isvrrp vrid 1 preempt-delay 20. This command sets the delay before a higher-priority VRRP router preempts the master role, ensuring stable operation during network transitions ​.

The election of a Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) occurs during the OSPF network's initial setup or upon the failure of an existing DR. A new router joining an OSPF network does not automatically preempt the current DR, even if it has the highest priority. DR and BDR elections are not preemptive. The other statements are correct regarding OSPF DR/BDR election processes ​.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Session Creation in Firewalls:

Firewalls create session entries for packets requiring stateful inspection (e.g., TCP, UDP, ICMP, and GRE).

Subsequent fragmentsof large packets do not require new sessions. Instead, they are processed based on the session created for the first fragment.

Correct Option:

C (Subsequent Fragment):Does not trigger a new session entry as it belongs to an existing session.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)haslong convergence timesdue toListening and Learning states.

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)introduces:

Proposal/Agreement (P/A) mechanism→ Allows ports to quickly transition toForwarding statewithout waiting.

This mechanism significantlyreduces convergence timein aswitched network.

Since RSTPdoes use the P/A mechanismto accelerate port forwarding, the statement istrue.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, STP vs. RSTP and P/A Mechanism.

BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection)is a lightweight protocol that providesrapid detectionof faults in the forwarding path between two routers or switches.

It worksin conjunction with routing protocolsand provides fast failure detection to enable quick route convergence.

Protocol support:

B. BFD for static routes– Supported. BFD tracks the reachability of next-hop addresses and can trigger route removal upon failure.

C. BFD for OSPF– Supported. BFD can be associated with OSPF to accelerate the detection of neighbor failures.

D. BFD for BGP– Supported. BFD enables sub-second detection of BGP peer failures.

A. BFD for PIM–Not supported. PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) typically does not use BFD for neighbor failure detection.

Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:

“BFD can be associated with static routes, OSPF, IS-IS, BGP, and other protocols to quickly detect link or device faults and trigger fast rerouting.”

(Chapter: High Availability Technologies – Section: BFD Principles and Applications)

According to BGP route selection rules, a higherLocal_Prefvalue indicates a more preferred route. This rule is used to influence traffic flow within an autonomous system (AS), giving preference to routes with a higherLocal_Preffor outgoing traffic ​.

 MQC and PBR

MQC (Modular QoS Command-Line Interface): Applied to interfaces for classifying and controlling traffic.

PBR (Policy-Based Routing): Used to influence packet forwarding based on policies rather than traditional routing tables.

Both MQC and PBR can be configured on device interfaces to filter incoming/outgoing packets or control their forwarding paths.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

The use of MQC and PBR on device interfaces is elaborated in the QoS and routing control chapters​​.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) HSB (Hot Standby Backup) modeensureshigh availability for WLAN access controllers (ACs).

A. FALSE→ The defaultVRRP priority is 100, buta higher value(not smaller) means ahigher priority.

B. TRUE→ TheVRID (Virtual Router Identifier)must be thesame on both master and backup ACs.

C. TRUE→ Thevirtual IP address must matchfor seamless failover.

D. FALSE→ Thedefault VRRP advertisement interval is 1 second. However, this statement isfalse because the context suggests an incorrect assumption about configurability.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, VRRP in WLAN Deployments.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

A. TRUE→ The interfaceGigabitEthernet0/0/1has anIP address of 192.168.1.1.

B. TRUE→ TheIGMP version is explicitly stated as IGMPv2.

C. TRUE→ Themaximum query response timefor IGMPis set to 10 seconds.

D. TRUE→ TheIGMP Query Interval is configured as 60 seconds, meaning the routersends Group-Specific Queries every 60 seconds.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, IGMP Configuration and Query Timers.

In dual-link MSB networking with load balancing, the new AP will connect to the AC with the lower number of connected APs. In this case, AC2 has only 20 connected APs, while AC1 has 100. Therefore, the new AP will connect to AC2 ​.

1. Understanding Prefix List Configuration:

The command ip ip-prefix huawei index 10 permit 10.1.1.0 24 greater-equal 26 defines a prefix filter:

The base prefix is 10.1.1.0/24.

The greater-equal 26 condition specifies that the mask length of matching prefixes must beat least 26 bits.

If the less-equal parameter is not explicitly defined, the default value is32, meaning the longest possible mask length for IPv4.

2. Explanation of Values:

greater-equal-value: Specifies the minimum mask length. In this case, the value is26.

less-equal-value: Specifies the maximum mask length. Since it is not explicitly configured, the default value is32.

3. Summary:

greater-equal-value = 26

less-equal-value = 32

Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, Chapter "IP Prefix List Configuration."

Comprehensive and Detailed in-depth Step-by-Step Explanation:

In OSPF,Link State Advertisements (LSAs)are used to exchange routing and topology information. Each LSA in the OSPF network is uniquely identified using a3-tuple identifier, which consists of:

Link State ID:

The Link State ID uniquely identifies the LSA within the OSPF area. Its value depends on the LSA type. For example, for a Router LSA, the Link State ID is the originating router’s Router ID.

Advertising Router:

This is the Router ID of the router that generated the LSA. It identifies which router is responsible for creating and advertising this LSA.

LSType:

This field identifies the type of LSA (e.g., Router LSA, Network LSA, Summary LSA, AS-External LSA, etc.). It is crucial for interpreting the purpose and content of the LSA.

TheLS Sequence Numberis not part of the 3-tuple that uniquely identifies the LSA. Instead, it is used to determine the most recent version of the LSA in case there are multiple instances of the same LSA.

IPv4 supports three main transmission modes:

Unicast: One-to-one communication.

Broadcast: One-to-all communication within a network.

Multicast: One-to-many communication to a group of interested receivers.Anycast is not a native IPv4 mode but is introduced in IPv6 ​.

 ACL Modification

Named ACLs can be modified after their creation. Unlike numbered ACLs, named ACLs provide greater flexibility for editing individual rules without deleting the entire ACL.

Therefore, the statement is incorrect.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

The flexibility and editability of named ACLs are discussed in the ACL configuration sections​​.

IGMP Version Mismatch

If the IGMP snooping version on the device is earlier than the IGMP version on user hosts, the device may fail to parse IGMP Report messages correctly. As a result, the device forwards these messages only to router ports without generating group member ports or forwarding entries.

Consequently, users cannot receive multicast data.

HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

Multicast and IGMP snooping behaviors under mismatched conditions are described in the multicast configuration chapters​​.

IGP routes can be injected into BGP using multiple methods, not just thenetworkcommand. Theimport-routecommand can also be used to redistribute IGP routes into BGP. Thenetworkcommand requires the route to exist in the routing table, whileimport-routeallows direct redistribution ​.

A is true– MAC authentication often usesPAP or CHAPfor basic password exchange.

B is false– Bydefault, both theusername and password are set to the full MAC addressof the terminal, not just the last 6 digits.

C is true– MAC authentication istransparentto the user and requiresno client softwareon the terminal.

D is true– The authentication system includes:

Terminal(user device),

Access device(AP or switch), and

Authentication server(e.g., RADIUS).

Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:

“MAC authentication does not require client-side software. By default, both the user name and password are the complete MAC address in lowercase without delimiters.”

(Chapter: WLAN Security – Section: MAC Authentication Mechanism)

In Layer 3 roaming scenarios, STAs (stations) remain on different subnets before and after roaming. To ensure that user traffic reaches the original subnet, it must be tunneled back over a CAPWAP tunnel. This technique prevents disruptions in communication and enables seamless roaming. Huawei’s Layer 3 roaming design guidelines emphasize the use of CAPWAP tunnels for user traffic forwarding ​.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Source-Specific Multicast (SSM)uses(S, G) addressinginstead of the traditional(*, G)used inAny-Source Multicast (ASM).

IGMP SSM Mappingis used to enableIGMPv1 and IGMPv2 hosts(which do not support explicit source selection) to work in anSSM environmentbymapping (*, G) to (S, G).

A. TRUE→ The mapping allows IGMPv1/v2 to function in anSSM network.

B. TRUE→IGMPv3 natively supports SSM, soSSM mapping is not needed for IGMPv3.

C. FALSE→ TheSSM address range is 232.0.0.0/8 in IPv4, but this isnot the only range used for SSM globally.

D. TRUE→If IGMP SSM mapping is disabled, IGMPv1/v2 cannot work in an SSM networkbecause they do not supportexplicit source selection.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, IGMP Versions and SSM Mapping.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Portal Authentication:

Portal authentication uses a web-based mechanism where clients are redirected to a login page.

Communication between the access device and Portal server uses HTTP or HTTPS protocols.

Correct Statements:

Option A:HTTP or HTTPS is used for Portal authentication.

Option D:Portal protocol packets are transmitted overTCPfor reliable communication.

Incorrect Statements:

Option B:Port 2000 is not the default for processing Portal packets.

Option C:The default destination port for communication with the Portal server is not 50100.

BFD operates at the network layer, providing rapid fault detection for forwarding paths, such as IP routing and MPLS tunnels. It interacts closely with network protocols (e.g., OSPF, BGP) to ensure high reliability and quick response to faults. BFD does not belong to the application, data link, or physical layers but functions as a network layer diagnostic tool as confirmed in Huawei's network protocol training ​.

BFD control packets are encapsulated in UDP packets, and the destination port number for multi-hop BFD control packets is 4784. This is a standardized port for multi-hop BFD operation ​.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Analysis of VRRP Configuration:

Option A (Preemption):Correct. The output explicitly states that preemption is enabled.

Option C (Authentication):Correct. Authentication is enabled using MD5.

Option D (Group ID):Correct. The VRRP group ID is explicitly stated as 1.

False Statement:

Option B (mVRRP Group):The output does not indicate this is anmVRRP (Multicast VRRP)group. This feature must be explicitly configured and is not enabled by default.

 IS-IS Interface Types

IS-IS interfaces are categorized based on physical link characteristics:

Point-to-Point (P2P): Direct connections between two routers.

Broadcast: Shared medium networks where multiple routers communicate.

 Incorrect Options

C. P2MP and D. NBMA are not standard interface classifications in IS-IS.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

IS-IS physical link classifications are elaborated in IS-IS link configuration sections​​.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Overview of IP Multicast:

IP multicast is a method of delivering data from one source to multiple destinations simultaneously.

Unlike unicast (one-to-one communication) or broadcast (one-to-all communication), multicast isone-to-many, allowing data to be sent only to subscribers (multicast group members).

This significantly conserves bandwidth and reduces the load on the network because the source only sends a single stream of data, which is replicated by multicast routers as needed.

2. Use Cases for IP Multicast:

IP multicast is widely used in network services that involve real-time or large-scale data delivery, such as:

IPTV (Internet Protocol Television):Broadcasting live TV streams.

Real-Time Data Transmission:Delivering stock market data, sensor updates, etc.

Multimedia Conferencing:Supporting group calls, webinars, and online meetings.

3. Why the Statement is TRUE:

IP multicast reduces unnecessary traffic and maximizes efficiency, making it ideal for these types of network services.

In STP (Spanning Tree Protocol),Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)contain critical information used in the election and role assignment process, including:

Root Bridge ID– Identifies the current root bridge.

Root Path Cost– Total path cost to reach the root.

Bridge ID– Unique identifier for each switch.These fields are used to determine port roles (root, designated, etc.) and to elect the root bridge.

Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:

“BPDUs carry the root bridge ID, root path cost, sender’s bridge ID, and port ID. These are used in root bridge election and port role determination.”

(Chapter: Layer 2 Technologies – Section: STP Operation)

 Additional Port Roles in MSTP

Master Port: Indicates the port on the shortest path to the root bridge in a region.

Regional Edge Port: Identifies a port at the boundary of the MST region.

Backup and edge ports exist in RSTP and are not newly introduced by MSTP.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

MSTP port roles are elaborated in the MSTP configuration sections​​.

Comprehensive and Detailed in-depth Step-by-Step Explanation:

BGP confederations are used to reduce the complexity of IBGP full-mesh connections within a large AS by dividing the AS into multiple sub-ASs (called "member ASs") while still appearing as a single AS to external ASs. Below is an analysis of each option:

A. The ASs outside a confederation still consider the confederation as one AS:

This istrue.Externally, the entire confederation is seen as a single AS, identified by the main AS number.

B. After a confederation is configured, the original IBGP attributes can be retained:

This istrue.The configuration of a confederation does not affect the IBGP attributes exchanged between routers.

C. After a confederation is configured, the original AS number is used as the confederation ID of each router:

This istrue.The main AS number is used as the Confederation Identifier for all member ASs in the confederation.

D. A confederation divides an AS into several sub-ASs, and EBGP full-mesh connections are established in each sub-AS:

This isfalse.Within each sub-AS of a confederation,IBGP connectionsare still used (not EBGP). Confederations are designed to reduce the number of IBGP full-mesh connections required within a large AS by creating smaller, manageable sub-ASs.

Therefore, the correct answer isD.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Understanding IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol):

IGMP is used in multicast networking to manage membership of devices in multicast groups.

Key parameters in the configuration provided:

Interface IP Address:192.168.1.1

IGMP Version:2

Query Interval (Configured):60 seconds

Maximum Query Response Time:10 seconds

Querier Address:192.168.1.1

2. Analysis of Each Statement:

Option A: The IP address of the interface is 192.168.1.1.

Correct (True Statement).

The configuration clearly shows that the IP address of the interface is 192.168.1.1.

Option B: The maximum response time to Query messages is 10s.

Correct (True Statement).

The configuration explicitly mentions: Value of maximum query response time for IGMP: 10 s.

Option C: The interval for sending Group-Specific Query messages is 60s.

Incorrect (False Statement).

The 60-second value refers to thequery interval, which is the time interval betweengeneral queriessent by the querier.

The interval forgroup-specific queriesis not specified in this configuration. It is determined dynamically based on the multicast environment and is usually shorter than the general query interval.

Option D: The IGMP version is IGMPv2.

Correct (True Statement).

The configuration specifies: Current IGMP version is 2.

3. Why Option C is False:

The 60-second value is forgeneral query interval, not group-specific query interval.

The statement misinterprets the configuration, making itfalse.

4. Summary:

Correct Answer:C (The interval for sending Group-Specific Query messages is 60s).

Master

Backup

Master

Backup

Route summarization in OSPF is restricted to specific routers: Area Border Routers (ABRs) and Autonomous System Boundary Routers (ASBRs). These devices perform summarization to reduce routing table size and minimize advertised routing information between areas or across AS boundaries. Regular routers cannot perform route summarization, making this statement false ​.

 ACL Number Ranges

Basic ACLs: Numbered from 2000 to 2999.

Advanced ACLs: Numbered from 3000 to 3999.

Layer 2 ACLs: Numbered from 5000 to 5999.

User-defined ACLs: Numbered from 4000 to 4999.

 HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

ACL classifications and their number ranges are covered in the ACL principles and configuration chapters​​.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Understanding LSA Filtering in OSPF and IS-IS:

The filter-policy command is used in OSPF and IS-IS to control which routing information isimported into the local routing tableoradvertised to other neighbors.

However, itcannot filter LSAs forwarded by neighbors. In OSPF and IS-IS, LSAs are always forwarded unchanged within the area to ensure all routers have a consistent link-state database.

Filtering only affects the routes that are installed into the local routing table or advertised to other areas or neighbors.

2. Why the Statement is False:

LSAs are forwarded without being filtered. This ensures link-state protocols maintain the same network topology view across the network.

The filter-policy import command only controls routes that are installed into the local routing table, not the forwarding of LSAs.

3. Summary:

The statement is FALSE because LSAs cannot be filtered by filter-policy import.

Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, Chapter "OSPF Route Filtering."

RFC 2328: OSPF Version 2, LSA Propagation Rules.

Inasynchronousmode, the local device sends BFD control packets at predefined intervals, and the remote device monitors the receipt of these packets to detect connectivity issues. This is one of the two operating modes in BFD, the other beingdemandmode ​.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

1. Single-Hop BFD Session:

A single-hop BFD session is used to detect link failures between directly connected devices.

It is bound to thelocal IP addressand thepeer IP address, and the session relies on these parameters to establish connectivity.

2. Why Modifications Require Deletion:

BFD sessions are tightly bound to their configuration parameters (e.g., local and peer IP addresses).

Modifying these parameters is not supported for an existing session. Instead, you must delete the session and recreate it with the updated parameters.

3. Why the Statement is TRUE:

The statement correctly describes the behavior of BFD sessions, where modifying an existing session is not possible without deleting it first.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

A. TRUE→ EBGP-learned routescan be advertised to both IBGP and EBGP peers.

B. FALSE→BGP uses incremental updates, meaning itonly advertises changed routes, not all routes.

C. TRUE→BGP advertises only the best pathto prevent unnecessary routing information.

D. TRUE→IBGP split-horizon rule: Routeslearned from IBGP peers are not re-advertised to other IBGP peers(to prevent loops).

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, BGP Route Advertisement and Split-Horizon Rule.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Type 1 LSAs (Router LSAs)are generated byevery OSPF routerto describe itsdirectly connected linksand their states.

TheRouter ID (RID)must beuniquein an OSPF domain; otherwise, OSPF calculations will fail due toambiguous paths.

If two routersin the same areahave thesame Router ID, OSPF will fail to calculateShortest Path First (SPF)correctly, leading to routing inconsistencies.

To prevent this, Huawei routersautomatically detect duplicate Router IDsand prevent OSPF from functioning properly until the issue is resolved.

????Reference:Huawei HCIA-Datacom Study Guide, Chapter on OSPF LSAs and Router ID Uniqueness.

RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding) checks are used to prevent multicast loops. An RPF check uses theunicast routing table(ormulticast static routes, if configured) to determine the correct incoming interface for a multicast packet.

Multicast protocols like PIM use the RPF mechanism, and the unicast routing table is the primary reference.

Multicast dynamic routing protocolsdo not maintain their own separate tablesfor RPF by default.

Reference from Huawei HCIP-Datacom-Core Technology Study Guide:

“RPF checks are performed using the unicast routing table or multicast static routes. The interface through which the multicast source is reachable is considered valid for RPF.”

(Chapter: Multicast – Section: RPF Principle)

The scenario describes a mismatch in OSPF network types between two connected routers: one set to Point-to-Point (P2P) and the other set to Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP). While aligning Hello intervals may seem sufficient for establishing an OSPF neighbor relationship, the fundamental mismatch in network types introduces issues.

OSPF Network Types

P2P: Assumes a direct connection with a single neighbor, uses faster convergence and simpler LSDB synchronization.

P2MP: Supports multiple neighbors on a single interface, requiring different handling for DR/BDR roles and LSDB updates.

Impact of Network Type Mismatch

If Hello intervals are aligned, adjacency establishment might occur. However, mismatched network types affect neighbor role assignment and LSDB synchronization.

P2P expects a direct link and would handle updates differently than P2MP, which assumes multiple neighbors. This leads to inconsistencies in route calculation and forwarding.

HCIP-Datacom-Core Reference

OSPF Basics and Configuration​clearly outlines the criticality of consistent network type configuration for stable OSPF operation.

Lab examples in the HCIP Datacom Lab Guide​further demonstrate the consequences of such mismatches, including unstable neighbor states and incomplete LSDB synchronization.

Hence, the statement that neighbor relationships and LSDB synchronization remain unaffected is incorrect. Proper OSPF operation requires matching network types in addition to aligned Hello intervals.