ANVE Axis Network Video Exam Questions and Answers

The AXIS V5938 is a professional video broadcasting camera designed specifically for high-quality video streaming and broadcasting applications. It offers features such as 4K Ultra HD resolution, powerful zoom capabilities, and advanced image processing, making it ideal for live broadcasts, webcasting, and other professional video applications. Axis documentation highlights the V5938 as a top choice for video broadcast due to its superior image quality and streaming capabilities.

"Color temperature describes the color characteristics of a light source and is measured in Kelvin. Lower values (e.g., 2700K) are perceived as warm (yellow/red), while higher values (e.g., 6500K) are cool (blue/white)."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"Lower color temperatures are described as warm, higher values as cool."

— Axis White Balance and Color Temperature Guide

Maintenance is essential for ensuring the optimal performance of outdoor cameras running video analytics. Regular maintenance tasks include cleaning the camera lens, checking and updating firmware, inspecting connections, and verifying that analytics software is functioning correctly. These activities help maintain image quality and ensure the accuracy and reliability of the video analytics. Axis installation and maintenance guides recommend routine maintenance to prevent performance degradation and extend the lifespan of the equipment.

An opportunistic attack is characterized by the attacker not being acquainted with the target. These attacks are typically random and take advantage of any available vulnerability rather than being specifically targeted at a particular system or organization. The attacker usually seeks easy targets with known vulnerabilities and acts quickly when an opportunity arises. Axis security documentation describes opportunistic attacks as generally unsophisticated, focusing on exploiting common and readily available weaknesses in systems.

"Semi-covert IR illumination typically operates at 850 nm. This wavelength produces a faint red glow that is somewhat visible to the human eye, making it 'semi-covert.'"

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"850 nm is considered semi-covert, while 940 nm is fully covert."

— Axis OptimizedIR Guide

"Dynamic range (often referred to as Wide Dynamic Range or WDR) is the difference between the lightest and darkest parts of a scene. A camera with high dynamic range can show details in both the highlights and shadows simultaneously."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) improves image quality in scenes with very bright and very dark areas by balancing light and dark areas."

— Axis Communications, WDR Technology Overview

"For best practices in device security, Axis recommends following the guidelines described in the AXIS OS Hardening Guide, which covers secure configuration, network security, user management, and firmware protection."

— Axis OS Hardening Guide

"Applying the AXIS OS Hardening Guide is the most comprehensive way to protect an Axis device against security threats."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Axis cameras offer several advanced focus technologies to enhance image clarity and ease of use. Focus Pinpoint allows for precise manual focus adjustments, ensuring sharpness in critical areas. Focus Recall enables cameras to remember and quickly return to pre-set focus positions, which is useful for surveillance scenarios where the camera frequently moves between different points of interest. According to Axis documentation, these technologies are designed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of camera setup and operation.

"A router is used to connect different local area networks (LANs), routing traffic between them and providing access to other networks or the internet."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"Routers are devices that forward data packets between computer networks."

— Axis Network Device Basics

Reducing the frames per second (FPS) by 50% will reduce the bitrate by less than 50%. This is because the bitrate is influenced not only by the frame rate but also by the complexity of the image content and the compression efficiency. While lowering the FPS reduces the amount of data being processed, other factors like scene complexity and motion still impact the overall bitrate. Axis documentation on video compression and bitrate management indicates that halving the FPS typically results in a less than proportional reduction in bitrate.

To minimize the risk of losing recordings if there is a disconnect between the camera and the server, failover recordings are recommended. This involves having a secondary recording location, such as an SD card in the camera, that can store video footage temporarily until the connection to the server is restored. This ensures continuous recording and prevents data loss. Axis Communications' documentation on system reliability and failover solutions supports this recommendation.

"A midspan (PoE injector) can provide the necessary power level for PoE+ (Class 4) devices when the existing switch only supports standard PoE (Class 3). The midspan is placed between the switch and the device."

— Axis PoE Solutions Overview

"A midspan is recommended when extra power is needed but the switch does not support the higher class."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

AXIS M3057-PLVE MkII and AXIS P1378-LE both have built-in IR LED illumination. This feature is crucial for enhancing visibility in low-light conditions or complete darkness, making them suitable for various surveillance applications. The built-in IR LEDs ensure that these cameras can provide clear images even in challenging lighting environments.

"In Axis’ product naming convention, the suffix '-B' stands for 'Bullet camera,' indicating that the device is a bullet-style camera model."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“-B at the end of the model name typically refers to Bullet camera models, e.g., AXIS M2025-LE-B.”

— Axis Product Naming Guide

A system designer should recommend the installation of standalone multi-channel video encoders when large numbers of cameras are located near the central monitoring room. This setup allows for efficient centralization of video feeds from multiple analog cameras, converting them to digital signals for easier management and storage. Using multi-channel encoders in this scenario optimizes space and reduces the complexity of wiring compared to installing separate encoders for each camera. Axis Communications' guidelines on transitioning from analog to IP systems support this recommendation.

A continuously high bitrate in a video stream, even when using H.265 compression, is often due to significant movement within the scene. High levels of motion require more data to be encoded to maintain image quality, resulting in a higher bitrate. This is because the video encoder must frequently update large portions of the image to accurately represent the moving objects. Axis Communications' documentation on video bitrate management indicates that scenes with much movement lead to increased bitrate due to the dynamic changes requiring constant encoding.

"A network with large bandwidth is capable of supporting devices with higher bitrates, allowing for higher resolution, frame rates, or more cameras on the network without causing congestion."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"The greater the available bandwidth, the more data (higher bitrate) can be transmitted without causing network issues."

— Axis Web Article: Understanding Bandwidth

The Sharpdome technology allows PTZ cameras to maintain a sharp image even when pointed above the horizon. This feature uses a specialized mechanical design and advanced image processing to ensure clear, undistorted images across the entire dome, including the critical area above the horizon. Axis Communications has integrated Sharpdome technology into several of their PTZ camera models, as explained in their product specifications and technical white papers.

"ONVIF compatibility ensures interoperability between products from different manufacturers, as long as they are ONVIF compliant."

— Axis ONVIF Compliance Guide

"ONVIF is an open industry forum that provides and promotes standardized interfaces for effective interoperability of IP-based security products."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

The inverse square law of light intensity states that the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source. Given that the light intensity is 1024 lux at 1 meter, we can calculate the distance at which the intensity would be 256 lux.

Since 256 lux is one-fourth of 1024 lux, and the inverse square law states that intensity is proportional to 1/d21/d^21/d2, the distance must be doubled to reduce the intensity by a factor of four. Therefore, the distance at which the light intensity is 256 lux is 2 meters. [Reference: Axis Communications - Illumination Basics]

According to Johnson's criteria, the detection range for a person with an AXIS Q1921 with a 60 mm lens in clear weather is 1200 meters (3900 feet). This means that a human observer is able to detect a person at this distance with a 50% probability. Johnson's criteria is a widely accepted method for calculating the probability of detection, recognition, and identification of objects in surveillance imagery.

A zoom lens maintains focus when changing field of view, whereas a varifocal lens does not necessarily maintain focus when changing the focal length. This means that with a zoom lens, you can zoom in or out and the focus will remain sharp, which is particularly useful for applications requiring continuous focus adjustments. In contrast, varifocal lenses need to be refocused after adjusting the focal length. This distinction is important in video surveillance to ensure clear image capture at varying distances.

AXIS Video Hosting System (AVHS) allows customers to access between 2-4 channels of live and online stored video at any time. AVHS is a cloud-based video surveillance service that provides secure and scalable access to video streams and recorded footage, enabling users to monitor their premises remotely and manage their surveillance data effectively. [Reference: Axis Communications - AXIS Video Hosting System Documentation]

When using the view area functionality in Axis cameras, each view area can have its own independent video stream. Additionally, each view area can have its own exposure control setting and text overlay setting. This allows for customized video streams with different exposure settings tailored to specific areas within the camera's field of view, as well as unique text overlays for each view area, providing flexibility in video management and presentation.

"Dynamic FPS (frames per second) is a Zipstream setting that automatically lowers the frame rate when there is no activity in the scene, thus saving bandwidth and storage."

— Axis Zipstream Technology Overview

"Dynamic FPS reduces the frame count during low-activity periods to optimize bandwidth and storage usage."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

VAPIX® is Axis' proprietary API (Application Programming Interface) that enables integration and management of Axis network video products. It allows developers to access a wide range of functionalities, such as video streaming, event management, and configuration settings, specifically tailored to leverage the latest capabilities of Axis cameras. ONVIF (Open Network Video Interface Forum) is an industry standard that facilitates interoperability between IP-based security products regardless of manufacturer, supporting basic functionalities for video and audio streaming, PTZ control, and event handling but not exclusively tailored to the latest Axis camera features.

The maximum power level at the powered device for PoE class 2 is 6.49 W. Power over Ethernet (PoE) class 2 devices are designed to consume between 3.84 W and 6.49 W. This classification helps ensure that network devices receive the appropriate power levels required for their operation.

To improve the overall quality of the image:

A. Decrease image compression setting: Lowering the compression setting will reduce artifacts and improve image clarity by preserving more of the original data in each frame. E. Change to a camera with higher resolution: Using a camera with higher resolution will capture more detail and improve the clarity of the enlarged image.

These adjustments ensure better image quality by enhancing the detail and reducing compression artifacts.

IEEE 802.1X is a network access control protocol that provides an authentication mechanism for devices wishing to connect to a LAN or WLAN. It ensures that only approved devices are granted access to the network, thereby preventing unauthorized devices from connecting. This makes it impossible for someone to disconnect a camera and connect another device to eavesdrop on the network. Therefore, the correct answer is B. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' documentation on network security features and IEEE 802.1X.

Adding network surveillance cameras to an existing Ethernet network will benefit from using VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) to keep the surveillance video separate from other network traffic. This separation reduces the risk of network congestion by prioritizing surveillance video traffic and ensuring sufficient bandwidth is available for video data. VLANs enhance network performance and security by segmenting traffic and minimizing interference from other network activities.

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) creates a secure tunnel through the network where your information travels encrypted. This means that data transmitted over the VPN is protected from eavesdropping and unauthorized access. It is not specifically optimized for video data packets nor does it translate domain names to IP addresses. Therefore, the correct answer is C. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' guidelines on secure remote access and VPN usage.

Thermal network cameras are viable alternatives to standard network cameras for several purposes:

B. Detection at daylight: Thermal cameras can detect heat signatures from objects and people regardless of lighting conditions.

C. Detection at night: They can effectively detect heat signatures in complete darkness, making them suitable for nighttime surveillance.

D. Detection in smoke and light fog conditions: Thermal cameras can see through obscurants like smoke and light fog that might block visible light, providing reliable detection in such conditions.

Thermal cameras are not suitable for identification purposes or license plate recognition as they do not capture fine details needed for these applications.

An increase in bandwidth and storage can be caused by high noise levels and high image resolution. High noise levels, often due to low-light conditions, result in larger file sizes because the noise needs to be encoded along with the actual image data. Higher image resolution increases the amount of data captured, thus requiring more bandwidth for transmission and more storage space. [Reference: Axis Communications - Bandwidth and Storage Considerations]

To utilize IEEE 802.1X for connecting a camera to the network, the following are required:

A. An Ethernet switch with support for IEEE 802.1X, which ensures that only authorized devices can connect to the network.

C. A RADIUS server, which is used to manage authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) for network access control.

These components are essential for setting up secure network access using IEEE 802.1X.

The AXIS Camera Application Platform (ACAP) is a powerful tool that allows users to install and run third-party applications directly on Axis cameras. This capability transforms the cameras into intelligent devices that can perform a variety of tasks, such as video analytics, object recognition, and event detection, without the need for additional hardware. By running applications directly on the camera, ACAP enhances the flexibility and functionality of surveillance systems. Axis Network Video documentation explains how ACAP leverages the processing power of the cameras to deliver advanced features and capabilities.

The f-stop value of a lens will get higher if you zoom in. This is true because as the focal length increases (when zooming in), the lens aperture typically becomes smaller, resulting in a higher f-stop value. This change affects the amount of light entering the camera, which is an important consideration for PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom) cameras when they are used in varying lighting conditions.

The integrator is responsible for documenting a video surveillance installation. This documentation includes details on camera placement, network configurations, system settings, and operational instructions. Proper documentation ensures that the system can be maintained, troubleshooted, and upgraded efficiently. It also provides a reference for any future modifications or expansions of the surveillance system. [Reference: Axis Communications - Best Practices for Surveillance System Installation]

Outdoor-ready cameras from Axis can be equipped with a cooling fan and a heater element to handle varying weather conditions. The cooling fan helps manage high temperatures by preventing overheating, while the heater element ensures the camera operates effectively in cold environments by preventing frost and condensation. These features allow the camera to maintain optimal performance and reliability regardless of the weather, as specified in Axis' product datasheets and technical specifications for outdoor models.

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The AXIS Design Tool helps users estimate bandwidth and storage usage by using a statistical model based on the selected camera model. This tool takes into account factors such as scene complexity and motion to provide accurate estimates, enabling users to plan their surveillance system more effectively. [Reference: Axis Communications - AXIS Design Tool User Guide]

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Using a smoked (tinted) dome on a camera reduces light sensitivity because the tinted material filters the amount of light that reaches the camera sensor. This can result in lower image quality, especially in low-light conditions. The decrease in light sensitivity does not affect color fidelity, field of view, or infrared capabilities directly. For more information, refer to Axis Communications' technical notes on dome coverings and their impact on camera performance.

The IP51 and IP52 ratings indicate that the camera is protected against dust and dripping water. IP51 means the camera is protected against dust ingress to a level that would interfere with the operation and against vertically dripping water. IP52 offers the same dust protection but also protects against dripping water when tilted up to 15 degrees. These ratings make the cameras suitable for indoor use where dust and minor water exposure might occur. Axis Network Video documentation specifies the IP rating system and the levels of protection provided by different ratings.

To achieve identification at 80 pixels per face for a scene that is 2 meters (6 feet 7 inches) wide, a minimum resolution of 1280 x 720 is needed. This calculation ensures that each face captured in the frame meets the pixel density requirement for clear identification purposes.

Color temperature is measured in Kelvin (K). This unit of measurement describes the hue of a specific type of light source, ranging from warm (yellow/red) to cool (blue). Understanding color temperature is crucial for setting up cameras in varying lighting conditions to ensure accurate color reproduction. Axis provides detailed guidance on configuring cameras for optimal performance based on color temperature in their user manuals and technical documentation.

The AXIS P1344-E and AXIS P3344-VE are outdoor-rated products designed to withstand harsh environmental conditions. The "E" in AXIS P1344-E denotes an enclosure suitable for outdoor use, providing protection against weather and vandalism. Similarly, the AXIS P3344-VE is specifically designed for outdoor environments, offering features such as weather resistance and rugged casing to ensure reliable operation in various conditions. [Reference: Axis Communications - Outdoor Surveillance Products Specifications]

The primary purpose of a router is to forward traffic between different networks, such as between a local network and the internet. This is essential for directing data packets to their correct destinations across diverse networks. Therefore, the correct answer is B. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' documentation on networking fundamentals and router functions.

To address the blurring that's occurring with faster moving objects in the image, adjusting the exposure settings is the best option. Specifically, reducing the exposure time (shutter speed) will help in capturing clearer images of fast-moving objects by reducing motion blur. This adjustment allows the camera to capture less light per frame, effectively freezing the motion and reducing the blur associated with movement.

Infrared (IR) illuminators with a wavelength of 940 nm do not produce any visible glow. This wavelength is completely invisible to the human eye, making it ideal for covert surveillance applications where the presence of IR illumination needs to be undetectable. Other wavelengths like 650 nm, 750 nm, and 850 nm can produce a faint red glow that may be visible in low light conditions.

When dealing with a poorly lit scene, adding light is the most effective option to improve image quality. Proper illumination ensures that the camera's sensor can capture clear and detailed images, reducing noise and enhancing visibility. While adjusting exposure settings, brightness, or changing camera placement can help, they are secondary to the fundamental requirement of adequate lighting.

When dealing with a poorly lit scene, adding light is the most effective option to improve image quality. Proper illumination ensures that the camera's sensor can capture clear and detailed images, reducing noise and enhancing visibility. While adjusting exposure settings, brightness, or changing camera placement can help, they are secondary to the fundamental requirement of adequate lighting.

When a camera is zoomed out, the field of view increases, causing each object or movement to cover fewer pixels. As a result, more pixels need to change to trigger motion detection. This means the motion detection sensitivity may be reduced unless adjustments are made to the detection settings. For more information, refer to Axis Communications' motion detection setup guides.

A privacy mask in Live View is used to hide parts of the scene from being viewed or recorded, ensuring privacy in specific areas of the surveillance footage. These masks can be configured in various shapes to cover the required sections effectively. Privacy masks are particularly useful in environments where certain areas need to be excluded from monitoring to comply with privacy laws and regulations. [Reference: Axis Communications - Privacy Masking Features]

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Axis recommends shielded cables for outdoor installations primarily to ensure surge protection. Shielded cables help to protect the system against electrical surges and electromagnetic interference, which can cause damage to the cameras and other connected devices. By using shielded cables, the integrity and reliability of the surveillance system are maintained, even in environments prone to electrical disturbances. [Reference: Axis Communications - Installation and Maintenance of Network Video Products]

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A camera lens with a low f-stop value, such as 1.2, has a larger aperture, allowing more light to enter the camera. This improves the camera's performance in low-light conditions by increasing its sensitivity to light, resulting in clearer and more detailed images when lighting is poor. [Reference: Axis Communications - Camera Lens and Aperture]

The most noticeable difference between progressive scan and interlaced video is apparent when viewing frame-by-frame recorded video of moving vehicles. Progressive scan captures and displays all lines of each frame in sequence, resulting in smoother and clearer images, especially for fast-moving subjects. In contrast, interlaced video captures and displays alternate lines per frame, which can cause motion artifacts and blurring in fast-moving scenes. Axis Network Video documentation highlights that progressive scan is preferred for applications where clarity and detail in moving objects are critical.

12 V and 24 V DC power sources are becoming increasingly popular compared to 24 V AC because it is easier to back-up DC with batteries. DC power systems can be directly connected to battery backup systems without the need for conversion, making the implementation simpler and more reliable during power outages. This efficiency in backup capability is one of the primary reasons for the shift from AC to DC in many applications, including surveillance systems. [Reference: Axis Communications - Power over Ethernet for Network Cameras]

The P-iris (Precise Iris Control) technology in Axis cameras ensures optimal image quality by precisely controlling the iris position. In bright lighting conditions, P-iris prevents the iris from closing too much, which can cause blurring due to diffraction. Instead, it maintains an optimal iris opening to balance depth of field and image sharpness. For more information, consult Axis Communications' technical notes on P-iris technology.

Motion blur in recordings is typically caused by a slow shutter speed, which allows the camera sensor to capture light for a longer period, resulting in blurred images of moving objects. Increasing the shutter speed reduces the exposure time, which helps to freeze motion and reduce blur. Adjusting the shutter speed is the most effective way to address motion blur in fixed cameras. [Reference: Axis Communications - Image Quality Settings]

Among the given options, the requirement for face recognition at 70 meters (230 feet) is the most demanding and often unrealistic for most surveillance cameras. Current camera technology, even with high resolution and frame rates, typically cannot achieve reliable face recognition at such a long distance. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' specifications on camera capabilities and face recognition technologies.

Using PoE (Power over Ethernet) to power cameras helps keep them running during a power outage because PoE cameras are centrally powered from the Ethernet switches, which are often backed up by an uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This means that in the event of a power failure, the UPS can provide temporary power to the switches and, consequently, to the connected PoE cameras, ensuring continuous operation.

The most effective and time-saving way to adjust the focus on the AXIS M3204 camera while onsite is using the remote zoom and focus feature. This feature allows installers to precisely adjust the camera’s zoom and focus settings from a remote location, saving significant time and effort compared to manual adjustments. The AXIS M3204’s specifications and installation guides highlight this feature as a key benefit for efficient setup and maintenance.

Axis P-iris technology is designed to optimize the camera's aperture to achieve better image quality. By precisely controlling the iris opening, P-iris technology can maintain the ideal aperture size for various lighting conditions. This helps limit optical artifacts such as diffraction and spherical aberration, ensuring sharp and clear images. While it can contribute to improved low light performance and reduce motion blur, its main advantage is optimizing the aperture to limit artifacts. Axis Network Video documentation explains that P-iris provides more precise iris control compared to traditional DC-iris, leading to enhanced image quality.

Image flickering on an AXIS P1344 can often be attributed to the camera's exposure settings. Flickering is usually caused by lighting conditions that fluctuate at a frequency different from the camera's current exposure settings, leading to the perception of flicker. Adjusting the exposure settings can synchronize the camera with the lighting conditions, thus reducing or eliminating the flickering issue. This can be done by accessing the camera’s web interface and navigating to the image settings to adjust the exposure mode or exposure value. According to Axis Communications' product documentation, fine-tuning the exposure settings is a recommended step to mitigate flickering.

To ensure the AXIS P3347 always delivers the full frame rate of 30 fps even in darker conditions, setting the priority to frame rate is the correct option. This setting ensures that the camera maintains a constant frame rate by adjusting other parameters like exposure time and gain accordingly. This is essential in maintaining video smoothness and capturing real-time motion without dropping frames.

The maximum distance for a 100BaseTX Ethernet carrying 802.3at PoE connection between a switch and a camera without any extenders or repeaters is 100 meters (328 feet). This standard distance is applicable for most Ethernet networks and ensures reliable power and data transmission over the specified length.

Fluorescent lighting can cause flickering effects in video due to the way these lights operate. Fluorescent lamps typically flicker at twice the power line frequency (50 Hz or 60 Hz), which can interfere with the camera's frame rate and shutter speed, leading to visible flickering in the recorded video. This effect is more pronounced when the camera's exposure settings are not synchronized with the frequency of the lighting. Axis Network Video documentation discusses the importance of using cameras with anti-flicker settings or adjusting the shutter speed to match the lighting frequency to mitigate this issue.

True security when using HTTPS on Axis products is implemented after a signed certificate is installed. This certificate ensures that the communication between the camera and the server is encrypted and authenticated, providing a secure channel that prevents unauthorized access and tampering.

IP subnets and VLANs are commonly used network features to prevent unauthorized access to the surveillance network. By segmenting the network using IP subnets, different portions of the network can be isolated, reducing the risk of cross-network attacks. VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) further enhance security by creating separate broadcast domains within the same physical network, thereby isolating surveillance devices from other network traffic and improving overall network security and performance.

When a camera's image appears "washed out" or faded, especially in a hallway with no windows, the first setting to adjust is the exposure settings. Proper exposure settings ensure that the camera captures the right amount of light, enhancing image quality and color accuracy. Adjusting settings such as the shutter speed, iris, and gain can help improve the overall image contrast and color fidelity. [Reference: Axis Communications - Image Quality Settings and Adjustments]

Before upgrading the firmware, it is essential to verify that the Video Management Software (VMS) supports the latest firmware version. Incompatibility between the VMS and the new firmware can lead to operational issues and reduced functionality. Checking for VMS support ensures a smooth upgrade process. This recommendation can be found in Axis Communications' firmware upgrade guidelines and best practices.

To reduce the impact on recorded video during server maintenance, Video Management Software (VMS) partners can incorporate local storage at the camera. This feature allows the camera to continue recording video on its internal storage (such as an SD card) during network or server downtime, ensuring continuous video capture. Once the server is back online, the recorded footage can be transferred back to the central storage. Axis cameras support local storage options, which are detailed in Axis Communications' product documentation and VMS integration guides.

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When installing Axis cameras outdoors, it's crucial to protect the equipment from electrical surges, which can occur due to lightning or other power disturbances. Installing a surge suppressor in front of each camera helps prevent damage from these surges, ensuring the longevity and reliability of the camera system. While grounding endpoints and using UPS for the network switch are also good practices, surge protection directly in front of each camera is specifically emphasized in Axis’s best practices for outdoor installations.

To ensure that a surveillance system is not easily sabotaged, it's important to position cameras so that each camera is visible to at least one other camera. This overlapping field of view allows for continuous monitoring even if one camera is tampered with or disabled, providing a higher level of security and redundancy. [Reference: Axis Communications - Surveillance System Design]

"For reliable identification of a person’s face, Axis recommends a pixel density of at least 250 pixels per meter (80 pixels per foot) on the target area."

— Axis Communications, Design Tool: Pixel Density Recommendations

"Identification: 250 px/m – Needed to identify a person beyond reasonable doubt."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"The human eye can detect light in the 400–700 nm range. Below 400 nm is ultraviolet, above 700 nm is infrared."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"Visible spectrum: 400–700 nm."

— Axis Technology Overview: Light and Imaging

According to the inverse square law of light, the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. If the light level is 100 lux at 70 meters, at half the distance (35 meters), the light level would increase by a factor of four (since (70/35)^2 = 2^2 = 4). Therefore, the light level at 35 meters would be 400 lux. This principle is widely recognized in lighting and photometric calculations and is supported by Axis documentation related to camera exposure and lighting conditions.

"The AXIS P56 Series are cost-effective, high-performance PTZ cameras with HDTV 1080p resolution, 30x optical zoom, and continuous 360° pan capability."

— Axis PTZ Camera Series Overview

"Axis P56 is a series of PTZ (pan/tilt/zoom) cameras for surveillance applications requiring wide area coverage and detail."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

The main benefit of using Power over Ethernet (PoE) is cost reduction in installation. PoE allows network cables to carry both data and power, eliminating the need for separate power lines and reducing the amount of cabling required. This simplifies installation, reduces material costs, and allows greater flexibility in camera placement. Axis Communications notes that PoE significantly cuts down on installation expenses by streamlining the infrastructure needed for network devices.

"Some PTZ cameras feature advanced autofocus technologies such as laser focus or focus recall to quickly and accurately focus at different zoom levels or positions."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"PTZ models with laser focus technology maintain image sharpness even at long distances."

— Axis PTZ Camera Series Overview

In good conditions, a pixel density of 250 px/m (80 px/ft) is required for identification purposes. This means that at this resolution, the image quality is sufficient to identify individuals, objects, or other details accurately. Identification requires the highest level of detail among the common surveillance objectives (detection, observation, recognition, identification). This pixel density allows for clear and precise visual information necessary for identifying specific features such as facial characteristics or license plates.

"When a lens intended for a larger sensor is used on a smaller sensor camera, the projected image circle does not fully cover the sensor area, causing vignetting or black corners in the image."

— Axis Lens Guide White Paper

"Black corners or vignetting often result from a mismatch between lens and sensor size."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Electronic image stabilization (EIS) helps reduce the bandwidth for a camera by stabilizing the video feed, especially in scenarios where the camera is mounted on a pole or other structure susceptible to vibrations. EIS compensates for camera shake and movement, resulting in smoother video and less variation in the scene, which in turn reduces the amount of data required for compression and transmission. References: Axis Communications documentation on electronic image stabilization and its benefits.

Low contrast between an object and its background makes video analytics more challenging. Video analytics algorithms rely on distinguishing features and differences between objects and their surroundings to detect and analyze activity. When contrast is low, it becomes harder for these algorithms to accurately identify and track objects, leading to potential errors and reduced performance. Axis documentation highlights the importance of adequate contrast for effective video analytics and suggests measures to enhance contrast where necessary.

When replacing an analog camera with an IP camera, a video encoder is useful because it allows the integration of analog cameras into an IP-based system. The encoder converts analog video signals into digital streams that can be transmitted over an IP network, enabling the continued use of existing analog cameras while transitioning to modern IP infrastructure. Axis provides detailed information on their video encoders and their applications in various scenarios in their technical documentation and product brochures.

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“Adjusting the white balance setting can correct color inaccuracies caused by different lighting conditions, such as the orange tint seen under sodium-vapor street lamps.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“White balance ensures that white objects are rendered as white in the image, improving overall color fidelity.”

— Axis White Balance Technical Guide

OptimizedIR technology in Axis cameras refers to the intelligent adaptation of IR illumination to the camera's field of view. This ensures even illumination across the entire scene, reducing overexposure and underexposure caused by traditional fixed IR lights. The IR LEDs adjust their intensity and spread according to the zoom level and scene requirements, providing optimal image quality in low-light conditions. Axis documentation highlights OptimizedIR as a feature that enhances night-time surveillance by ensuring balanced lighting.

“Thermal radiation does not pass through standard glass lenses, as glass is opaque to the long-wavelength infrared radiation detected by thermal sensors. Special materials such as germanium are used for thermal camera lenses because they allow infrared radiation to pass through.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Thermal Imaging, 2022

“Conventional glass lenses are not suitable for thermal imaging cameras because they block the wavelengths of infrared energy that thermal sensors use. Therefore, thermal lenses are made from materials like germanium.”

— Axis Communications, Thermal Cameras Technology

Fixed box cameras typically use a CS-mount lens, which allows for easy installation and flexibility in changing lenses to meet different surveillance needs. The CS-mount standard is widely used in the security industry and provides compatibility with a variety of lens types. Axis Communications' fixed box cameras often feature CS-mount lenses, as detailed in their product specifications and installation guides.

Privacy masks in an Axis camera can be activated and deactivated per stream profile. This allows for flexibility in managing different viewing needs and ensuring privacy in specific scenarios. Users can configure privacy masks to appear in one stream but not in another, making it a versatile feature for various applications. Axis Communications' documentation on privacy masks confirms this capability.

"Box cameras are designed to be versatile and typically feature C or CS-mounts, allowing users to select from a range of lenses to suit their surveillance needs."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"A box camera uses interchangeable C or CS-mount lenses, offering flexibility in lens choice depending on the application."

— Axis Box Cameras Overview

"Lossy compression algorithms such as H.264 and H.265 achieve greater bitrate reduction by discarding some image information, which is not recoverable. This enables efficient transmission and storage while maintaining acceptable image quality."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"Lossy compression reduces the file size significantly by removing information that is not needed for human viewing. The removed content cannot be restored."

— Axis Web Article: Video Compression

The AXIS P3247-LVE provides the greatest deterrence effect. This model is a robust, vandal-resistant network camera designed for outdoor use with advanced features such as IR illumination, advanced video analytics, and a rugged design. Its visible presence and high-quality image capture capabilities serve as a strong deterrent to potential intruders and vandals.

“Axis devices can use action rules with conditions such as schedule, input, or motion detection. For example, an action rule can be set to play a sound through a network speaker if motion is detected outside of business hours.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“Action rules allow users to automate responses to events by setting conditions. Example: If motion is detected after hours, play a pre-recorded message on a network speaker.”

— Axis Device Event Configuration Guide

Axis Official Documentation Extract:

“A video decoder is a device that receives video streams from IP cameras over the network, decodes the streams, and outputs the video to a monitor, typically using HDMI or other standard video outputs. This allows users to view live network video on standard monitors or televisions without the need for a computer.”

— Source: AXIS Video Decoder Product Page

Supporting Extract from Axis Study Guide:

"Video decoders play a crucial role in network video systems where there is a need to display live video feeds on standard monitors. Unlike video encoders, which convert analog video to digital IP video streams, decoders convert IP video streams back into video signals that can be displayed on HDMI or composite video monitors."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

When using an external IR illuminator with a beam angle significantly narrower than the field of view, the exposure may be uneven. This can result in parts of the image being overexposed (too bright) while other parts remain underexposed (too dark). Ensuring that the beam angle of the IR illuminator matches the field of view of the camera is essential for achieving uniform illumination across the entire surveillance area.

A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique physical address assigned to network interfaces for communication on the physical network segment. It is used for direct data exchange within a network, ensuring that data packets are delivered to the correct device. Unlike IP addresses, MAC addresses operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model and are hard-coded into the network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer. References: Axis Communications networking guides and standard networking principles.

The device shown in the image is an SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) module. SFP modules are used to connect network devices over fiber optic or Ethernet cables, enabling high-speed data transmission. These modules are commonly used in network cameras and other IP-based devices to ensure reliable and efficient network connectivity. Axis provides various SFP modules that are compatible with their network devices, as outlined in their product datasheets and connectivity guides.

A visual camera enables the detection and identification of a person’s face. Visual cameras capture detailed images using visible light, which is necessary for facial recognition and identification applications. While radar, passive infrared sensors, and thermal cameras are useful for detecting movement and heat signatures, they do not provide the detailed imagery required for facial identification. This functionality is detailed in Axis Communications' documentation on camera capabilities.