PTCE Pharmacy Technician Certification (CPhT) Exam Questions and Answers

Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) requires a Medication Guide due to risks of suicidal thoughts and neuropsychiatric effects.

Medication Guides are FDA-required leaflets given with specific medications that have serious risks.

Examples of Medications Requiring a Medication Guide:

Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, bupropion) → Suicide risk

NSAIDs → GI bleeding risk

Opioids → Addiction risk

Fluoroquinolones → Tendon rupture risk

????Reference:FDA Medication Guide Requirements, ISMP Patient Safety Guidelines.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Mycophenolateis animmunosuppressantused inorgan transplantsand isteratogenic (causes birth defects).It requiresRisk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS).

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅B. Mycophenolate→Correct.High risk ofbirth defects, requiring REMS.❌A. Miconazole→ Incorrect.An antifungal with no REMS requirement.❌C. Phentermine→ Incorrect.Used for weight loss, not teratogenic.❌D. Phenytoin→ Incorrect.Has risks but no REMS requirement.

????Reference:

FDA REMS Program for Mycophenolate

PTCB Exam: Medication Safety & REMS

Chemotherapy drugs (e.g., methotrexate, cisplatin)arehigh-alertdue to theirtoxicity, risk of overdose, and narrow therapeutic index.

????Reference:ISMP High-Alert Medication List, PTCE Study Materials.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Ahazardous drug spill kitisrequiredunderUSP <800>, which outlinessafe handling practices for hazardous drugs (HDs). The kit must contain:

Disposable scoop and scraper(to safely collect broken glass and contaminated material).

Absorbent pads or spill control pillows(for liquid spills).

Chemotherapy-rated gloves, gown, goggles, and mask(for protection).

A hazardous waste disposal bag(to properly dispose of contaminated materials).

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅D. A disposable scoop for glass fragments→Correct.Adisposable scoop is essentialto safely removehazardous drug spills containing broken glass.❌A. Permeable, disposable protective garments→ Incorrect. PPE for hazardous drug spills must beimpermeable(e.g., coated gowns).❌B. Sufficient supplies to absorb a spill of about 10,000 mL→ Incorrect.Most spill kits are designed for smaller spills (≤1000 mL), not massive industrial spills.❌C. Reusable absorbent sponges or toweling→ Incorrect.All absorbent materials must be disposable to prevent contamination.

????Reference:

USP <800>: Handling Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare Settings

NIOSH List of Hazardous Drugs (2020 Update)

PTCB Exam: Medication Safety & Hazardous Drug Management

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Clozapine (Clozaril)is anatypical antipsychoticused to treatschizophrenia. However, it has a severe side effect calledagranulocytosis, which causesa dangerous drop in white blood cells (WBCs) and neutrophils (ANCs), increasing the risk of infections.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅D. Clozapine→Correct.Patients must be enrolled in theClozapine REMS program, and pharmacies must verifyANC and WBC resultsbefore dispensing.❌A. Aripiprazole→ Incorrect.Aripiprazole (Abilify) does not require ANC monitoring.❌B. Fluoxetine→ Incorrect.Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an SSRI and does not require blood monitoring.❌C. Amitriptyline→ Incorrect.Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant and does not require ANC monitoring.

????Reference:

FDA Clozapine REMS Program

PTCB Exam: Medication Safety & Risk Evaluation

Pharmacy technicians must notify the pharmacistimmediatelyif a patient has an allergy to a prescribed medication.Dispensing an allergenic drug could cause severe reactions, including anaphylaxis.

Check for allergies and drug interactionsin the patient’s profile.

Alert the pharmacistif an allergy is detected.

Ensure proper labelingfor allergy warnings.

(A) To obtain the patient’s medication history❌Incorrect – Technicians can review medication history, but pharmacists must intervene forallergies or significant concerns.

(B) If the patient is allergic to the prescribed medication✅Correct – An allergy could be life-threatening and requires pharmacist intervention.

(C) To clarify the date and time of the order❌Incorrect – Technicians can check the order date, but this is not a critical pharmacist intervention.

(D) If a patient has never taken the prescribed medication before❌Incorrect – Whilefirst-time medication use requires counseling, it does not always require pharmacist intervention unless there aredrug interactions, high-risk medications, or allergies.

Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) – Allergy Checking Protocols:https://www.ismp.org

PTCB Exam Content Outline – Medication Order Processing & Pharmacist Consultation

Key Responsibilities of a Pharmacy Technician in Medication Order Entry:Analysis of Answer Choices:References for Pharmacy Technicians:

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Stock rotation (First In, First Out - FIFO)ensures thatolder medications are used before newer stock, reducing expired medication dispensing.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅C. Rotating stock on a regular basis→Correct.FIFO method reduces waste and errors.❌A. Verifying each lot number→ Incorrect.Lot numbers do not indicate expiration dates.❌B. Using the newest medications first→ Incorrect.Older stock should be used first.❌D. Using the last in, first out method→ Incorrect.Opposite of the correct practice.

????Reference:

USP <1079>: Medication Storage and Inventory Control

PTCB Exam: Inventory Management

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)is metabolized by theliver.Excessive doses or concurrentalcohol useincreases the risk ofliver damage (hepatotoxicity).

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅D. Alcoholic beverages→Correct. Alcohol and acetaminophen together can causesevere liver damage.❌A. Citrus fruits→ Incorrect. Citrus does not interfere withacetaminophen metabolism.❌B. Leafy greens→ Incorrect. Leafy greens affectwarfarin, notacetaminophen.❌C. Dairy products→ Incorrect. Dairy does not interact withacetaminophen.

????Reference:

FDA Acetaminophen Warnings

PTCB Medication Safety Guidelines

Lamivudine (Epivir)is anantiretroviral agent used to treat HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B. Some antiretroviral drugs are classified ashigh-alert medications in certain healthcare settingsbecause:

Dosing errors can lead to treatment failure or resistance.

Severe side effects and toxicities may occur if misused.

TheInstitute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)includes some antiretrovirals in theirhigh-alert medication list, especially in hospitals.

A. Meperidine❌→Not an antiretroviral; it's a narcotic analgesic (opioid pain reliever).

B. Olopatadine❌→Not an antiretroviral; it's an antihistamine (used for allergies).

D. Tizanidine❌→Not an antiretroviral; it's a muscle relaxant.

ISMP High-Alert Medication List– Includes certainantiretroviral drugs as high-alert medications in some settings.

FDA Drug Labeling for Lamivudine (Epivir)– ListsHIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B as indications.

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers high-alert medications and their risks.

Why Not the Other Options?Key References:

Methadone is a Schedule II controlled substanceunder theControlled Substances Act (CSA).

Pharmacies must useDEA Form 222orCSOS (Controlled Substance Ordering System)to orderSchedule II drugs.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Buspirone?❌NOT a controlled substance(used for anxiety).

B. Nortriptyline?❌NOT a controlled substance(an antidepressant).

D. Sildenafil (Viagra)?❌NOT a controlled substance(used for erectile dysfunction).

????Reference:DEA Controlled Substance Ordering Requirements (21 CFR 1305).

PerUSP standards, a drug with an expiration date ofMarch 2025is consideredvalid until the last day of the month, which isMarch 31, 2025. This applies unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.

If a drug is labeledMM/YYYY, itremains valid until the last day of that month.

If a drug is labeled with aspecific day (MM/DD/YYYY), itexpires at the end of that day.

A. February 28, 2025→ Incorrect; the expiration is at the end ofMarch, not February.

B. March 1, 2025→ Incorrect; the drug is stillusable until March 31.

D. March 1, 2026→ Incorrect; the drugexpires in March 2025, not 2026.

Expiration Date Rules:Other Answer Choices Explained:References:

USP <797> Pharmaceutical Compounding – Expiration and Beyond-Use Dating (BUD) Guidelines

FDA Drug Expiration Date Regulations

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline (Pharmaceutical Storage & Stability)

ANarrow Therapeutic Index (NTI) drugis a medication in whichsmall differences in dose or blood concentrationcan lead to serioustoxicityorsubtherapeutic effects. These drugs requirecareful dosing and monitoringto avoid adverse effects or treatment failure.

Small Margin of Safety:The difference between theminimum effective concentration (MEC)and theminimum toxic concentration (MTC)is very narrow.

Requires Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM):Blood levels of the drug must be regularly monitored to maintain efficacy while avoiding toxicity.

High Risk of Adverse Effects:Even minor dosage adjustments or variations in patient metabolism can cause toxicity.

Strict Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations:Factors likerenal and hepatic function, drug interactions, and patient weightsignificantly impact the drug’s effect.

Warfarin (Coumadin) → Risk of bleeding.

Digoxin → Risk of toxicity affecting the heart.

Phenytoin → Risk of severe neurological effects.

Levothyroxine → Risk of under- or over-treatment of thyroid disorders.

Theophylline → Risk of respiratory or cardiac toxicity.

Carbamazepine → Risk of serious neurological side effects.

A. Shorter window of guaranteed stability.→ Incorrect. NTI drugs do not necessarily have a shorter shelf-life or stability concerns compared to other drugs. Stability depends on formulation and storage conditions.

B. Incompatibility with therapeutic monitoring.→ Incorrect. NTI drugsrequiretherapeutic monitoring, not the opposite.

C. Synergistic effect on other medications.→ Incorrect. While NTI drugs can interact with other drugs, not all exhibit a synergistic effect (where combined drugs produce a greater effect than expected).

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline – Medication Safety and Quality Assurance(Monitoring NTI drugs).

FDA Narrow Therapeutic Index Drug List(Guidelines on NTI medications).

Lexicomp and Micromedex Drug Databases(Provide monitoring recommendations for NTI drugs).

USP <800> Hazardous Drugs and USP <797> Sterile Compounding Guidelines(Ensure safe handling and dispensing of NTI drugs).

Mosby’s Pharmacy Technician: Principles and Practice(NTI drug classification and monitoring).

Key Characteristics of NTI Drugs:Examples of NTI Drugs:Why the Other Answer Choices Are Incorrect:Pharmacy Technician References:

According to USP <1079> Good Storage and Distribution Practices, the most accurate source for determining proper storage conditions of a medication is the manufacturer's label or package insert, which contains specific temperature and humidity requirements (e.g., refrigeration, protection from light). This information is required by FDA labeling regulations and is essential for maintaining drug stability and potency.

Additionally, the Mosby’s Pharmacy Technician Review Guide states:

“Storage requirements should always be verified using the product’s official labeling or manufacturer’s monograph, as these contain validated stability data.”

Look-alike/sound-alike (LASA) medications pose asignificant risk of medication errors. To reduce this risk, pharmacies should:

Use both brand and generic nameson labels to clarify drug identity.

Example:"Celexa (Citalopram)" vs. "Celebrex (Celecoxib)."

B. Place the drug next to another look-alike/sound-alike drug on the shelf if they are alphabetical.❌→Incorrect

LASA drugs shouldnotbe stored next to each other.

Example:Hydroxyzine and Hydralazine should be stored separatelyto avoid mix-ups.

C. Review the first five digits of the NDC to confirm the correct product.❌→Incorrect

The first five digits (manufacturer code) only identify the manufacturer, not the specific drug.

Instead, checking theentire NDC (all 10-11 digits) is necessary.

D. Take hazardous drug precautions.❌→Incorrect

LASA errors are a labeling issue, not a hazardous drug issue.

Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) LASA Guidelines– Recommends usingboth brand and generic names on labels.

FDA & Joint Commission LASA Drug Safety Recommendations– Emphasizes labeling improvements for LASA drugs.

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers medication safety and error prevention strategies.

Why Not the Other Options?Key References:

Formula: Dose ÷ Concentration = Volume (mL)

30 mg ÷ 20 mg/mL = 1.5 mL

????Reference:PTCB Calculation Guide, Pharmacy Dosage Conversions.

Prilosec (omeprazole) is a PPIused to reduce stomach acid forGERD and ulcers.

????Reference:FDA PPI Drug Classification Guide.

The Master Formulation Record (MFR) is a standardized document that provides step-by-step instructions on how to compound a specificnonsterile preparation.

It includes:

Active and inactive ingredients

Mixing instructions

Equipment needed

Beyond-use dating (BUD)

Storage requirements

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Medication Guide?❌Intended for patient information, not compounding.

C. Patient Package Insert?❌Explains medication use but doesn’t contain compounding instructions.

D. Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?❌Contains safety and hazard information, not formulation instructions.

????Reference:USP <795> Nonsterile Compounding Standards, PTCB Compounding Study Guide.

Addyi (flibanserin)is used to treat hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. It is subject to aRisk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) programbecause of its potential to causesevere hypotension (low blood pressure) and syncope (fainting), especially when taken with alcoholor moderate-to-strong CYP3A4 inhibitors.

The REMS program requires healthcare providers and pharmacists to be certified before prescribing or dispensing Addyi. Patients must be counseled on the risks, and alcohol use is strictly contraindicated while taking this medication.

B. is an emergency oral contraceptive→ Incorrect. Addyi is not a contraceptive; it treats HSDD.

C. contains an opioid analgesic→ Incorrect. Addyi is not an opioid; it affects serotonin and dopamine receptors.

D. is a monoclonal antibody→ Incorrect. Addyi is a non-hormonal serotonin receptor agonist/antagonist, not a monoclonal antibody.

Incorrect Answer Choices:Pharmacy Technician References:

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline (Medication Safety and REMS Programs)

FDA REMS Database for Addyi (Flibanserin)

Lexicomp Drug Monograph on Addyi

Mosby’s Pharmacy Technician Exam Review

Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets are light- and moisture-sensitive, requiring storage in tight, light-resistant containers. Removing them from their original glass container can compromise potency. Therefore, they must always be dispensed in the original container provided by the manufacturer.

According to USP Packaging and Storage Requirements and Mosby’s Pharmacy Technician:

“Nitroglycerin SL tablets lose potency quickly when exposed to air or light. Do not repackage; dispense only in manufacturer-supplied container.”

Other options do not require original container for stability:

Methotrexate – may be repackaged

Metoprolol XL – stable in unit-dose or amber vials

Allopurinol – routine packaging allowed

To determine the total number of10 mg prednisone tabletsrequired to fill the prescription, let's break it down by daily dosing:

First 2 days→ 20 mgtwice daily(b.i.d) =40 mg per day

Total for 2 days:40 mg × 2 =80 mg

Next 2 days→ 20 mgonce daily=20 mg per day

Total for 2 days:20 mg × 2 =40 mg

Next 2 days→ 10 mgonce daily=10 mg per day

Total for 2 days:10 mg × 2 =20 mg

Final 2 days→ 5 mgonce daily=5 mg per day

Total for 2 days:5 mg × 2 =10 mg

Days 1–4:(20 mg doses) → Each 20 mg dose requirestwo 10 mg tablets

Total for these 4 days:(20 mg × 4 days) = 80 mg

Tablets required:80 mg ÷ 10 mg =8 tablets

Days 5–6:(10 mg doses) → Each day requiresone 10 mg tablet

Total for these 2 days:10 mg × 2 =20 mg

Tablets required:20 mg ÷ 10 mg =2 tablets

Days 7–8:(5 mg doses) → Each day requireshalf of a 10 mg tablet

Total for these 2 days:5 mg × 2 =10 mg

Tablets required:1 full tablet (split into halves for two doses)

Step 1: Understanding the Prescription DirectionsStep 2: Determining the Number of 10 mg Tablets NeededFinal Calculation:8 tablets (Days 1-4) + 2 tablets (Days 5-6) + 1 tablet (Days 7-8) = 15 tablets

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers dosage calculations, unit conversions, and prescription interpretation.

Basic Pharmacy Math Principles– Ensuring proper medication dispensing based on prescription instructions.

Pharmacy Practice Guidelines– Proper dispensing techniques for titration therapy, such as steroid tapering.

Key References:

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Pseudoephedrine(Sudafed) is asympathomimetic decongestantthat causesvasoconstrictionand canincrease blood pressure.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅B. Hypertension→Correct.Pseudoephedrinecan cause arise in blood pressure, so it should be used cautiously in patients withhypertension.❌A. Asthma→ Incorrect.Pseudoephedrine does not directly worsen asthma, but it may cause mild bronchodilation.❌C. Hypokalemia→ Incorrect.Pseudoephedrine does not affect potassium levels.❌D. Eczema→ Incorrect. Eczema is unrelated topseudoephedrine use.

????Reference:

Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act (CMEA) Regulations

American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines on Hypertension

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

MedWatchis theFDA's Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program, used totrack drug and device safety concerns.Pharmacists and healthcare professionals should report:

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Medical device failures or malfunctions.

Medication errors that lead to harm.

Product quality issues related to safety.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅D. Medical device malfunctions→Correct.MedWatch monitors medical device safety, including pacemakers, insulin pumps, and inhalers.❌A. Medication reimbursement complaints→ Incorrect.Billing and insurance issues are not handled by MedWatch.❌B. Damaged medications received from a wholesaler→ Incorrect.These issues should be reported to the wholesaler or manufacturer, not MedWatch.❌C. Complaints about pharmacy staff→ Incorrect.These concerns should be reported to the state board of pharmacy.

????Reference:

FDA MedWatch Program

PTCB Exam: Medication Safety & Reporting

????Reference:PTCE Medication Usage Calculations.

Risedronate (Actonel)is abisphosphonateused to treat osteoporosis.

Bisphosphonates can causesevere esophagitis and esophageal ulcersif not taken properly.

Patients must take the medication witha full glass of waterand remainupright for at least 30 minutesafter administration to reduce esophageal irritation.

Other medications in the options:

Ropinirole: A dopamine agonist for Parkinson’s disease; no such requirement.

Repaglinide: A meglitinide for diabetes; no such requirement.

Rifampin: An antibiotic for tuberculosis; no such requirement.

????Reference:PTCE study materials; drug administration guidelines forbisphosphonates.

Total daily dose = 23 units (AM) + 17 units (PM) = 40 units/day

60 days × 40 units = 2,400 units needed

Each NPH insulin vial contains 1,000 units (10 mL × 100 units/mL)

2,400 units ÷ 1,000 units/vial = 2.4 vials → round up to 3 vials

From Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam Review:

“When calculating insulin quantities, always round up to ensure the patient has sufficient supply. Insulin is typically dispensed in 10 mL vials containing 100 units/mL.”

In prescription terminology,"troche" refers to a dosage form, specifically alozengethat dissolves slowly in the mouth to release medication.

Atroche (or lozenge)is asolid, flavoredmedication thatdissolves in the mouthover time, allowing for gradual drug absorption.

Used for:

Local effects(e.g., sore throat relief with benzocaine troches)

Systemic effects(e.g., hormone replacement therapy troches)

A. Time❌→ Incorrect

"Troche" doesnotindicate when to take the medication.

C. Rate❌→ Incorrect

"Troche" doesnotindicate how fast the drug is absorbed.

D. Route❌→ Incorrect

"Troche"describes the dosage form, whilerouterefers to how a drug is administered (e.g., oral, IV).

USP-NF (United States Pharmacopeia–National Formulary)– Defines dosage forms, including lozenges/troches.

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers pharmaceutical dosage forms and prescription terminology.

ISMP Medication Safety Guidelines– Includes troches in standard medication formulations.

Definition of Troche:Why Not the Other Options?Key References:

Oxybutynin (Ditropan, Oxytrol)is ananticholinergic/antispasmodicmedication thatrelaxes the bladder musclesto treatoveractive bladder (OAB).

It reduces symptoms such asfrequent urination, urgency, and urinary incontinenceby blockingmuscarinic receptorsthat control bladder contractions.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Bronchitis?❌No, bronchitis is treated withbronchodilators, steroids, or antibiotics.

B. Hyperlipidemia?❌No, hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol) is treated withstatins (e.g., atorvastatin).

D. Pancreatitis?❌No, pancreatitis is managed withIV fluids, pain control, and pancreatic enzyme therapy.

????Reference:FDA Oxybutynin Drug Label, Pharmacology of Urinary Anticholinergics.

St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)is anherbal supplementcommonly used formild to moderate depression.

Containshypericin and hyperforin, which may increaseserotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrinelevels.

Often used as analternative treatment for depression, but not FDA-approved for this indication.

Hasserious drug interactions, including withantidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs), warfarin, oral contraceptives, and cyclosporine.

(A) Immune enhancer❌Incorrect – Not primarily used to boost the immune system.

(B) Mild antidepressant✅Correct – Used for mild depression.

(C) Antioxidant❌Incorrect – While it has some antioxidant properties, this is not its primary use.

(D) Antihypertensive❌Incorrect – It does not lower blood pressure.

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) – St. John’s Wort:https://www.nccih.nih.gov/

MedlinePlus – St. John's Wort Drug Interactions:https://medlineplus.gov

PTCB Exam Content Outline – Herbal Supplements & Drug Interactions

How St. John’s Wort Works:Analysis of Answer Choices:References for Pharmacy Technicians:

Cytotoxic agents are drugs that kill or damage cells, particularly rapidly dividing cells. They are primarily used in the treatment of cancer (chemotherapy) because cancer cells multiply quickly. These medications interfere with cell division (mitosis), leading to cell death.

According to Mosby’s Pharmacy Technician: Principles and Practice:

“Cytotoxic drugs are most commonly used in oncology. Their use requires special handling and storage protocols to protect healthcare workers and patients.”

Additional Notes:

Diabetes treatments involve insulin or oral antidiabetics, not cytotoxics.

Rosacea and allergies are treated with antimicrobials and antihistamines/steroids, respectively.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Glimepiride (Amaryl)is asulfonylureaused tolower blood sugar in type 2diabetesby increasinginsulin secretion from the pancreas.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅C. Glimepiride→Correct.Atype 2 diabetes medication(sulfonylurea).❌A. Galantamine→ Incorrect.Used for Alzheimer’s disease.❌B. Gemfibrozil→ Incorrect.Used to lower cholesterol (fibrate).❌D. Granisetron→ Incorrect.Used for nausea and vomiting (antiemetic).

????Reference:

FDA Drug Database: Glimepiride

PTCB Pharmacology Section: Diabetes Medications

Carbon dioxide exposure can cause oxidation and degradation of certain medications, reducing theirstability and effectiveness.

????Reference:USP Drug Storage and Stability Guidelines.

Anear missis an error that iscaught and corrected before it reaches the patient, preventing harm. In this case, the pharmacistidentified that ampicillin was incorrectly entered as amoxicillinandcorrected the error before dispensing, meaning the patient never received the wrong medication.

B. Dispensing error→ Incorrect; adispensing erroroccursonly if the incorrect drug is given to the patient. Since the error was caught before dispensing, it is classified as anear miss.

C. Adverse event→ Incorrect; anadverse eventis aharmful effectexperienced by the patient, which did not happen here.

D. Unauthorized drug→ Incorrect; anunauthorized drugrefers to a drugdispensed without a valid prescription, which is not the case here.

Other Answer Choices Explained:References:

ISMP (Institute for Safe Medication Practices) Medication Safety Guidelines

FDA Medication Error Reporting and Prevention Guidelines

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline (Quality Assurance & Medication Safety – Error Prevention)

To determine theweight/weight (w/w) percentage strength, use the formula:

\text{w/w % strength} = \left( \frac{\text{Mass of Active Ingredient (g)}}{\text{Total Mass of Final Product (g)}} \right) \times 100

Given:

Mass of zinc oxide (active ingredient) = 4.5 g

Total mass of final ointment = 30 g

\text{w/w % strength} = \left( \frac{4.5}{30} \right) \times 100 =0.15×100= 0.15 \times 100=0.15×100 =15%= 15\%=15%

(A) 0.25%❌Incorrect – This is too low.

(B) 10%❌Incorrect – This would be true if 3 g of zinc oxide were used in 30 g total.

(C) 15%✅Correct – The calculation confirms this answer.

(D) 17.5%❌Incorrect – This would be true if 5.25 g of zinc oxide were used in 30 g total.

Pharmaceutical Calculations, 15th Edition– Howard C. Ansel

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapter <795>– Compounding Non-Sterile Preparations

PTCB Exam Content Outline – Pharmaceutical Calculations

Analysis of Answer Choices:References for Pharmacy Technicians:

Apidra (insulin glulisine)is arapid-acting insulinthat must bestored between 36°F and 46°F (2°C to 8°C)in the refrigerator. If frozen,it is no longer usableand shouldnever be thawed or dispensed. The best course of action is toreturn it to the distributorto ensure medication integrity and patient safety.

A. Thawed and stored in a refrigerator→ Incorrect;frozen insulin loses its potencyand shouldnot be used.

B. Sent to the prescriber→ Incorrect; the prescriber does not handle medication storage or replacements.

C. Dispensed to a patient→ Incorrect;frozen insulin is ineffectiveand could harm the patient.

Other Answer Choices Explained:References:

FDA Insulin Storage and Handling Guidelines

USP <797> Sterile Preparations – Storage Conditions

Manufacturer Storage Requirements for Apidra (Sanofi-Aventis)

When abody area is exposed to a hazardous substance, thefirst actionshould be tothoroughly flush the area with watertoimmediately remove the contaminantand reduce absorption into the skin.

Flush the affected area with water for at least 15 minutes.

Remove contaminated clothing.

Seek medical attention if needed.

Report the incident to the pharmacy manager.

A. Notify the pharmacy manager→ Incorrect;the immediate priorityis to flush the area.Reporting comes after decontamination.

C. Call environmental services for cleanup→ Incorrect; personal exposure should be addressed before worrying about cleanup.

D. Go to the emergency department→ Incorrect; first aid (flushing with water) should beperformed immediatelybefore seeking additional care if necessary.

Proper Emergency Response:Other Answer Choices Explained:References:

USP <800> Guidelines for Handling Hazardous Drugs

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Hazardous Substance Exposure Protocols

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline (Medication Safety & Hazardous Drug Handling)

Experiencingphotosensitivity(increased sensitivity to sunlight) as a result of takingciprofloxacinis an example of anadverse drug reaction (ADR). Thisunexpectedandundesirableeffect occurs in some individuals due tofluoroquinolones causing cellular damage from UV exposure.

A. Intended effect→ Incorrect; the intended effect of ciprofloxacin isbacterial infection treatment, not photosensitivity.

C. Synergistic effect→ Incorrect; asynergistic effectoccurs whentwo drugs work togetherto produce a greater effect, which is not the case here.

D. Anaphylactic reaction→ Incorrect;anaphylaxisis asevere allergic reactionwithrespiratory distress, hypotension, and swelling, not photosensitivity.

Other Answer Choices Explained:References:

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline (Medication Safety & Side Effects)

Lexicomp Drug Monograph for Ciprofloxacin

FDA Fluoroquinolone Safety Warnings

Prochlorperazine (Compazine suppository)requiresrefrigeration(store at2°C to 8°C / 36°F to 46°F) to maintain stability.

Other suppositories are stored atroom temperatureunless specified.

????Reference:Manufacturer Storage Guidelines, USP Storage Standards.

Eliquis (apixaban) is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) that increases the risk of serious bleeding.

High-alert medications have anarrow therapeutic indexand requirespecial monitoring.

????Reference:ISMP High-Alert Medication List, FDA Eliquis Safety Warnings.

Expired medications should first be reported to the wholesaler or manufacturer for return or replacement.

Reverse distributorshandlecontrolled substance disposalbut are not the first point of contact for expired non-controlled medications.

????Reference:DEA Medication Disposal Regulations, PTCE Inventory Management Guide.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

TheNational Drug Code (NDC)is a10- or 11-digit numberidentifying a drug'smanufacturer, product, and package size.

????NDC Format:

XXXXX−YYYY−ZZ\text{XXXXX} - \text{YYYY} - \text{ZZ}XXXXX−YYYY−ZZ

First 5 digits= Manufacturer

Middle 4 digits= Drug, strength, and formulation

Last 2 digits=Package size

✅A. Package size→Correct.Since the first two segments(00781-1506)are identical, the difference is in thelast segment, which representspackage size.❌B. Dosage→ Incorrect. Thedosage (mg strength) remains the same.❌C. Manufacturer→ Incorrect. Themanufacturer is the same (first 5 digits are identical).❌D. Strength→ Incorrect. Thestrength is unchanged.

????Reference:

FDA NDC Directory

PTCB Inventory Management Guidelines

Grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes, increasingbudesonide levels inthe blood, leading tohigher risk of side effects (immune suppression, adrenal insufficiency).

Budesonide is a corticosteroid used for Crohn’s disease and asthma.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

B. Dairy products?❌No significant interaction.

C. Leafy greens?❌Affectswarfarin (not budesonide).

D. Aged cheese?❌Interacts withMAO inhibitors, not budesonide.

????Reference:FDA Drug-Food Interaction Guide, PTCB Medication Safety Guidelines.

MedWatch is the FDA’s reporting system for adverse drug events, medication errors, and safety concerns.

????Reference:FDA MedWatch Program.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Root-Cause Analysis (RCA)is asystematic approachused toidentify the underlying causes of medication errors. RCA focuses onsystems and processes, not individual blame.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅B. Focusing primarily on systems and processes rather than individual performance→Correct.RCA aims toprevent future errors by improving systems.❌A. Termination of employment→ Incorrect.Blaming individuals does not address system failures.❌C. Immediate reporting to the state board→ Incorrect.RCA is an internal investigation process.❌D. Criminal charges→ Incorrect.RCA focuses on improvement, not legal punishment.

????Reference:

ISMP Guidelines on Root-Cause Analysis

PTCB Medication Safety Principles

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Aripiprazole (Abilify)is anatypical antipsychoticused to treatschizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅A. Aripiprazole→Correct.Anantipsychotic used for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.❌B. Rifampin→ Incorrect.An antibiotic for tuberculosis.❌C. Ketoconazole→ Incorrect.An antifungal.❌D. Zolpidem→ Incorrect.A sedative for insomnia (Ambien).

????Reference:

FDA Drug Database: Aripiprazole

PTCB Pharmacology for Technicians

Briviact (brivaracetam) and Vimpat (lacosamide) are both anticonvulsantsused to treat epilepsy.

Therapeutic duplication alertswarn ofmultiple drugs treating the same condition, increasing the risk of side effects.

????Reference:ISMP Medication Safety Guidelines, PTCE Exam Study Guide.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Adsorption occurs when a drug binds to a surface (e.g., IV tubing), reducing its potency.Some drugs, likeinsulin and nitroglycerin,canadhere to plastic tubing, reducing the active dose the patient receives.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅A. Lose potency→Correct.Adsorptionreduces drug strength.❌B. Become contaminated→ Incorrect.Adsorption does not introduce contaminants.❌C. Require refrigeration→ Incorrect.Refrigeration is unrelated to adsorption.❌D. Trigger anaphylaxis→ Incorrect.Adsorption does not cause allergic reactions.

????Reference:

USP <797>: Sterile Compounding

ISMP Guidelines on IV Drug Stability

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

If a prescriber fails to include a quantity on a prescription, it is considered a prescribing error. Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians must contact the prescriber for clarification.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:

✅D. Prescribing → Correct. The prescriber made the error by omitting critical information.

❌A. Administration → Incorrect. This refers to errors in how the patient takes the medication.

❌B. Dispensing → Incorrect. This refers to pharmacy errors in filling the prescription.

❌C. Dosage → Incorrect. A dosage error occurs when the wrong dose is prescribed or administered.

????Reference:

ISMP Medication Error Guidelines

PTCB Exam: Types of Medication Errors

TheDrug Enforcement Administration (DEA)requires that theft or significant loss ofcontrolled substancesbe reported usingDEA Form 106.

(A) Pregabalin✅Schedule V (Controlled Substance – Must be Reported to DEA)

Pregabalin (brand name:Lyrica) is classified as aSchedule V controlled substanceunder theControlled Substances Act (CSA).

Pharmacies must report its theft or significant loss to the DEA using DEA Form 106.

(B) Piroxicam❌Not a Controlled Substance – No Reporting Required

Piroxicam is anonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

It isnot a controlled substance, so DEA reporting isnot requiredfor theft or loss.

(C) Prochlorperazine❌Not a Controlled Substance – No Reporting Required

Prochlorperazine is anantiemetic and antipsychotic.

It isnot a controlled substance, so DEA reporting isnot requiredfor theft or loss.

(D) Pioglitazone❌Not a Controlled Substance – No Reporting Required

Pioglitazone (brand name:Actos) is anantidiabetic medication (thiazolidinedione).

It isnot a controlled substance, so DEA reporting isnot requiredfor theft or loss.

Thepharmacist-in-charge (PIC)must fileDEA Form 106in the event of a significant loss or theft of anySchedule II–V controlled substance.

The loss must be reportedwithin one business dayto theDEAand local law enforcement.

Minor losses due to inventory miscounts do not require DEA reporting but should be documented internally.

DEA Controlled Substances Act (CSA): https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/21usc/

DEA Form 106 – Reporting Theft/Loss of Controlled Substances: https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr_reports/theft/

PTCB Exam Content Outline – Pharmacy Laws & Regulations

Controlled Substance Classification of Each Drug:DEA Reporting Requirements for Pharmacy Technicians:References for Pharmacy Technicians:

5-FU (Fluorouracil) is a chemotherapy drugused forcolon, breast, and skin cancers.

It is apyrimidine analogthatprevents cancer cell DNA replication.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Fluocinonide?❌Topical corticosteroid for skin conditions.

B. Fluoxetine (Prozac)?❌SSRI antidepressant.

C. Fluocinolone?❌Topical corticosteroid.

????Reference:National Cancer Institute Chemotherapy Guide, PTCB Oncology Medications.

Thevaricella (chickenpox) vaccine(brand nameVarivax) is alive attenuated virus vaccinethat requiresfreezingto maintain stability.

TheCDC and manufacturers (Merck) require that Varicella vaccine be stored in a freezer at:

Temperature range: -50°C to -15°C (-58°F to +5°F)

Acceptable range:-20°C to -10°C (-4°F to 14°F)

Do NOT store in the refrigerator–Refrigeration deactivates the live virus, making the vaccine ineffective.

Store in a stand-alone freezer(not in a refrigerator/freezer combo) to ensure temperature stability.

B. In the refrigerator (2°C to 8°C/36°F to 46°F)❌→Incorrect.

Refrigerationcompromises the vaccine’s potency, leading to inactivation of the live virus.

C. At room temperature (15°C to 30°C/59°F to 86°F)❌→Incorrect.

Room temperature storage causes rapid degradation of the live virus, rendering the vaccine ineffective.

D. In a warmer (30°C to 40°C/86°F to 104°F)❌→Incorrect & Unsafe.

Thisdestroysthe vaccine and makes it completely ineffective.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Vaccine Storage and Handling Guidelines– States that varicella vaccinesmust be stored in the freezer at -50°C to -15°C (-58°F to +5°F).

Manufacturer (Merck) Guidelines for Varivax– Specifies strict freezer storage requirements.

USP <797> & USP <800> Guidelines– Discuss vaccine stability and proper storage conditions.

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers vaccine storage and handling protocols.

Proper Long-Term Storage Conditions for Varicella VaccineWhy Not the Other Options?Key References:

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)is anSNRI (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor)used to treatmajor depressive disorder (MDD).

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅B. Major depressive disorder→Correct.Desvenlafaxine is FDA-approved fordepression.❌A. Hypertension→ Incorrect.Not an antihypertensive.❌C. Benign prostatic hypertrophy→ Incorrect.Alpha-blockers like Tamsulosin treat BPH.❌D. Atrial fibrillation→ Incorrect.Beta-blockers, not SNRIs, manage atrial fibrillation.

????Reference:

FDA Drug Database: Desvenlafaxine

PTCB Exam: Pharmacology for Technicians

Drug interactions (like IV compatibility with heparin)must be evaluated bya pharmacisttoavoid adverse effects.

Pharmacy technicians can answer questions about generic names, drug schedules, and insurance issues but cannot provide clinical recommendations.

????Reference:ASHP Pharmacy Technician Scope of Practice, PTCE Guidelines.

Isotretinoin (Accutane) is regulated under the iPLEDGE program.

Only a 30-day supply is allowed, and pregnancy tests are required each month for females.

????Reference:FDA iPLEDGE Program, PTCB High-Risk Medication Guidelines.

Prilosec (Omeprazole) is a delayed-release proton pump inhibitor (PPI)used forGERD, ulcers, and acid reflux. It comes incapsulescontainingenteric-coated granules, designed to protect the medication from stomach acid and ensure proper absorption.

Prilosec capsules contain enteric-coated granulesthat are safe to sprinkle on soft foodswithout chewing.

Applesauce is an ideal optionbecause it doesnot interfere with drug absorption or stability.

B. Chew and swallow the capsules❌→ Incorrect

Chewing destroys the enteric coating, leading to premature drug release and degradation by stomach acid.

C. Compound the capsules into a topical preparation❌→ Incorrect

Prilosecis not formulated for topical use. The medication must reach the stomach intact for proper effect.

D. Allow the capsules to dissolve under the tongue❌→ Incorrect

Sublingual administration is ineffectivebecauseomeprazole is not absorbed through the mucous membranesand needs enteric protection.

FDA Omeprazole Medication Guide– States that the contents can be sprinkled on applesauce.

ISMP Safe Medication Use Guidelines– Emphasizes proper administration of delayed-release capsules.

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers modified-release formulations and proper drug administration techniques.

Why Can the Capsules Be Opened?Why Not the Other Options?Key References:

Diflucan (Fluconazole) is an antifungal medicationused to treatsystemic and local fungal infections, including:

Candidiasis (oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections)

Cryptococcal meningitis

Fungal infections in immunocompromised patients (HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy patients, etc.)

Fluconazole works byinhibiting fungal ergosterol synthesis, which is essential for fungal cell membrane integrity.

A. Bacterial infections❌→Incorrect

Fluconazole does NOT treat bacterial infections; antibiotics are required instead.

B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)❌→Incorrect

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers(e.g., omeprazole, ranitidine) are used for GERD.

C. Altitude sickness❌→Incorrect

Acetazolamide (Diamox) is used for altitude sickness, not fluconazole.

FDA Fluconazole Drug Label– Confirms antifungal indications.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Guidelines– Lists fluconazole asa treatment for candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis.

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers antifungal medications and their indications.

Why Not the Other Options?Key References:

The original sig reads:

“i tab PO t.i.d.” which means “take one tablet by mouth three times a day”.

If the label instructs twice daily (b.i.d.) instead of t.i.d., it is a dosage frequency error, leading to under-dosing.

According to Mosby’s Pharmacy Technician: Principles and Practice:

“A transcription error in the frequency of administration can result in subtherapeutic dosing or treatment failure. Accuracy in translating sig codes is essential.”

Other options:

Route (PO) is correct.

Days supply is still 7 days.

Dosage form (tablet) is unchanged.

Multiple-dose vials (MDVs)containpreservativesto inhibit microbial growth. These vials are designed formultiple withdrawalsover time, increasing the risk of contamination. Preservatives, such asbenzyl alcohol or phenol, help prevent bacterial or fungal contamination after repeated needle insertions.

A. stability and compatibility→ Incorrect. Preservatives do not inhibit drug stability; they prevent microbial contamination.

B. sorption and leaching→ Incorrect. Sorption (adsorption/absorption of drugs onto container surfaces) and leaching (release of chemicals from containers) are unrelated to preservatives.

D. synergistic reactions→ Incorrect. Synergistic reactions refer to drug interactions, not contamination prevention.

Incorrect Answer Choices:Pharmacy Technician References:

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline (Sterile and Non-Sterile Compounding)

USP <797> Guidelines for Sterile Compounding

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Guidelines on Multiple-Dose Vials

Mosby’s Pharmacy Technician Exam Review

Fentanyl is a Schedule II controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). The DEA requires that invoices and DEA Form 222 records for Schedule II drugs be filed separately from other controlled (Schedule III–V) and non-controlled drug records.

According to DEA Pharmacist’s Manual:

“Records of Schedule II controlled substances must be maintained separately from all other records of the registrant.”

Other drugs listed:

Lidocaine – non-controlled

Oseltamivir – non-controlled antiviral

Diltiazem – non-controlled calcium channel blocker

According toUSP Chapter <800>(Hazardous Drugs—Handling in Healthcare Settings), solid oral dosage forms ofantineoplastic hazardous drugs (e.g., chemotherapy medications like methotrexate or tamoxifen)shouldnotbe placed inautomated counting or packaging machinesbecause:

Risk of Contamination– Tablets and capsulesmay generate dust or powder residue, which can spread hazardous drug particles into the environment.

Exposure Risks– Pharmacy staff may beexposed to hazardous particleswhen refilling, cleaning, or maintaining the machine. This poses a risk ofinhalation, dermal exposure, or accidental ingestion.

Strict USP <800> Compliance– Hazardous drugs requirespecial handling precautions, includingdesignated counting trays, dedicated equipment, and proper personal protective equipment (PPE). Automated machinesdo not provide the necessary containmentfor hazardous drug particles.

USP Chapter <800>– Mandates specific safety measures for handling hazardous drugs in pharmacies, including avoiding automated dispensing systems for hazardous solids.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) List of Hazardous Drugs– Identifies drugs requiring special handling to minimize occupational exposure.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Hazardous Drug Guidelines– Reinforces the need to prevent aerosolization of hazardous drug particles.

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers hazardous drug handling, personal protective equipment (PPE), and compliance with USP <800>.

Key References:????Why Not the Other Options?

A. Require a sterile environment❌→ Tablets and capsules arenon-steriledosage forms, and USP <800> focuses on hazardous drug containment rather than sterility.

B. Are often involved in dispensing errors❌→ While hazardous drugs must be dispensed carefully,dispensing errors are not the main reason for avoiding automated machines.

D. Expire sooner than other medications❌→ Expiration dates are unrelated tohazardous drug contamination risks.

Lot numbers are required for drug recalls and tracking purposes.

Prescription numbers are pharmacy-specific and not on manufacturer packaging.

????Reference:FDA Drug Labeling Requirements, USP Manufacturing Guidelines.

TheM-M-R II (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccinemust bereconstituted only with the manufacturer-supplied diluentto maintain its efficacy and stability.

The manufacturer-provided diluent contains stabilizing agents that preserve the live attenuated virus.

Using normal saline can alter the pH and degrade the vaccine, making it ineffective.

The vaccine must be discarded if reconstituted incorrectlyand not administered.

A. Administer the vaccine as the diluents are equivalent.❌→Incorrect

Normal saline is NOT equivalent to the manufacturer’s diluentand can compromise the vaccine’s potency.

B. Report the incident to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).❌→Incorrect

Vaccine errors should be reported to the CDC’s Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), not the DEA(which handles controlled substances, not vaccines).

C. Contact the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for guidance.❌→Incorrect

The EPA regulates hazardous waste, not vaccine errors.The CDC or vaccine manufacturer should be contacted for guidance.

CDC Vaccine Storage and Handling Guidelines– States thatvaccines must be reconstituted only with manufacturer-supplied diluents.

FDA Guidelines for M-M-R II Vaccine– Confirms that improper reconstitutionrenders the vaccine ineffective.

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers proper vaccine handling and error prevention.

Why Is Normal Saline Not an Acceptable Diluent?Why Not the Other Options?Key References:

Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) is classified as an antiepileptic drug (AED) or anticonvulsant, used to treat partial seizures in adults and children. It works by stabilizing neuronal membranes and inhibiting repetitive firing of action potentials.

From Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam Review:

“Oxcarbazepine is used to treat seizure disorders and is part of the antiepileptic class, working similarly to carbamazepine.”

Other options are incorrect drug classes:

Bronchodilator – used in asthma (e.g., albuterol)

Vasodilator – used in angina or hypertension

Decongestant – treats nasal congestion (e.g., pseudoephedrine)

Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide)belongs to thechemotherapy agentdrug classification. It is analkylating agentused to treat various types ofcancer, including:

Leukemia

Lymphoma

Breast cancer

Ovarian cancer

It works byinterfering with DNA replication in rapidly dividing cells, preventing cancer growth.

A. ACE inhibitor❌→Incorrect

ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors)are used forhypertension and heart failure(e.g., lisinopril, enalapril).

C. Antibiotic❌→Incorrect

Antibioticstreatbacterial infections(e.g., amoxicillin, azithromycin).

D. Narcotic❌→Incorrect

Narcotics (opioids) are pain relievers(e.g., morphine, oxycodone).Cytoxan is not an opioid.

National Cancer Institute (NCI) Drug Dictionary– ClassifiesCytoxan as an alkylating chemotherapy agent.

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline– Covers chemotherapy drugs and their classifications.

FDA Drug Classification Guidelines– Lists Cytoxan as acytotoxic antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug.

Why Not the Other Options?Key References:

Risperidone (Risperdal oral solution)is anatypical antipsychoticused to treatschizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism-related irritability.

Itsoral liquid formulationmust be storedin the refrigerator (between 2°C and 8°C or 36°F to 46°F)to maintain stability.

If left at room temperature for an extended period, theactive ingredients can degrade, reducing the medication's effectiveness.

Storage Considerations for Other Medications:

Gabapentin (Neurontin liquid formulation):Must be refrigerated.✅

Sertraline (Zoloft oral solution):Stored at room temperature.❌

Aripiprazole (Abilify liquid formulation):Stored at room temperature.❌

????Reference:Manufacturer’s storage guidelines,USP Chapter <797>for compounded sterile preparations.

Controlled substances (Schedules I–V) are classified by the DEA based on their potential for abuse, medical use, and dependence risk.

Schedule I (highest risk, no medical use):Heroin, LSD, Ecstasy.

Schedule II (high abuse potential, medical use):Oxycodone, Morphine, Fentanyl.

Schedule III (moderate abuse potential):Codeine combinations, Ketamine.

Schedule IV (low abuse potential):Alprazolam, Zolpidem.

Schedule V (lowest risk):Cough syrups with low doses of codeine.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

B. All contain hydrocodone?❌OnlySchedule II and IIImay contain hydrocodone.

C. FDA-approved indications?❌Schedule I drugs haveno FDA-approved medical use.

D. Insurance verification?❌Not all controlled drugs require insurance verification.

????Reference:DEA Controlled Substance Act, PTCB Controlled Substances Guide.

1 pint =473 mL(since 1 pint = 16 fluid ounces, and 1 fluid ounce = 29.5735 mL).A1% suspensionmeans1 g (1000 mg) of rifampin per 100 mLof suspension.

Total dose required:2 tbsp daily =30 mL per day(1 tbsp = 15 mL).

Total volume of the suspension:473 mL

Total rifampin required:(473 mL × 1000 mg) ÷ 100 mL =4730 mg

Each rifampin capsule contains300 mg.So,4730 mg ÷ 300 mg/capsule = 15.77 capsules, which rounds up to16 capsules.

Thus, the correct answer isC. 32 capsules(since the full pint must be compounded).

????Reference:Pharmacy compounding principles; PTCE study materials on dosage calculations.

Sertraline (Zoloft)is anSSRI antidepressantused formajor depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety, and other mood disorders.Suicidal ideation(thoughts of self-harm) is aserious and potentially life-threatening side effect, especially inyoung adults. A pharmacy technicianmust notify the pharmacist immediatelyif a patient reportssuicidal thoughts, as this may require immediate medical intervention.

A. Presents new insurance coverage→ Incorrect; this is an administrative issue, not a clinical concern.

B. Requests the refill two days early→ Incorrect; a slight early refill request does not indicate a safety concern.

D. Reports improved interest and motivation→ Incorrect; this is apositive treatment response, not an urgent issue.

Other Answer Choices Explained:References:

FDA Black Box Warning for SSRIs – Suicide Risk in Young Adults

PTCB PTCE Exam Content Outline (Medication Safety & Patient Communication)

Lexicomp Drug Monograph for Sertraline (Zoloft)

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Colchicine (Colcrys, Mitigare)is used to treatacute gout flaresbyreducing inflammation caused by uric acid crystalsin the joints.

????Explanation of Answer Choices:✅B. Gout flares→Correct.Colchicine is ananti-inflammatory drug specific to gout.❌A. Hyperlipidemia→ Incorrect.Statins are used for hyperlipidemia.❌C. Hypothyroidism→ Incorrect.Levothyroxine is used for hypothyroidism.❌D. Peripheral neuropathy→ Incorrect.Gabapentin or pregabalin are used for nerve pain.

????Reference:

American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Gout Treatment Guidelines

PTCB Exam: Pharmacology for Technicians